CUSEF | Abstracts

Secondary: Animal Science

Project Title	The Effects of Sucrose Concentrations on Respiratory and Muscular Systems of Feeder Goldfish
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0101
Student Name	Kenneth Smith Kylie Woolley
Abstract	This project has the purpose of determining the effects of sucrose concentrations on respiratory and muscular systems in feeder goldfish. 100 goldfish were tested, 20 fish at each sucrose concentration of 1, 2, 3, and 4 cups of sugar per 3 gallons of water. For the control, the first set of 20 fish was tested in water without any sugar added. A fish was placed in a bag at one end of the tank and each of the 20 fish were timed to see how long it took to travel from the far end of the tank past a designated line, toward the goldfish in the bag. The fish in the bag was then replaced and tests were repeated with each set of 20 fish at the specified concentrations. It was predicted that there would be a significant difference in the times of each set compared to that of the control (two-sided, 2-sample t-test at ? = .10 level of significance). The results were as follows: the t-value was significantly greater for the set with 1 cup of sugar, while the t-value was significantly less for the set with 4 cups of sugar. The middle sets (2 and 3 cups sugar) were not significant (at the 10% level). This project has applications to understanding muscular and respiratory responses of feeder goldfish in various concentrations of sucrose solutions and is extendable to fish farms with the purpose of developing healthier fish.

Project Title	The Effects of Sucrose Concentrations on Respiratory and Muscular Systems of Feeder Goldfish
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0101
Student Name	Kylie Woolley Kenneth Smith
Abstract	This project has the purpose of determining the effects of sucrose concentrations on respiratory and muscular systems in feeder goldfish. 100 goldfish were tested, 20 fish at each sucrose concentration of 1, 2, 3, and 4 cups of sugar per 3 gallons of water. For the control, the first set of 20 fish was tested in water without any sugar added. A fish was placed in a bag at one end of the tank and each of the 20 fish were timed to see how long it took to travel from the far end of the tank past a designated line, toward the goldfish in the bag. The fish in the bag was then replaced and tests were repeated with each set of 20 fish at the specified concentrations. It was predicted that there would be a significant difference in the times of each set compared to that of the control (two-sided, 2-sample t-test at ? = .10 level of significance). The results were as follows: the t-value was significantly greater for the set with 1 cup of sugar, while the t-value was significantly less for the set with 4 cups of sugar. The middle sets (2 and 3 cups sugar) were not significant (at the 10% level). This project has applications to understanding muscular and respiratory responses of feeder goldfish in various concentrations of sucrose solutions and is extendable to fish farms with the purpose of developing healthier fish.

Project Title	Decodin Wolf Syntax: an Acoustical Analysis of Canis lupus
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0102
Student Name	Kenyon Conlin
Abstract	Decoding Wolf syntax: an Acoustical Analysis of Canis lupus Kenyon R. Conlin Wasatch High School, Heber City, UT This project is the result of spectral analysis of digital recordings of wolf howls, during known activities used as vocal stimulants. If different wolf packs use the same syntax, then ranchers could use digital recordings to protect their livestock by telling wolves that the territory is already occupied. Trained wolves from an all male pseudo pack including the subspecies Canis lupus arcticus, Canis lupus occidentalis, and Canis lupus nubilus were recorded with a digital recorder. Recordings were analyzed using computer software. Back ground noise was filtered out, and screen shots were used to analyze howl frequency, duration, and range. There were noticeable differences in voice patterns for the three howl types that were analyzed. Visual wolf behavior and non-verbal communication were taken into account. Currently, I am trying to find a way to project the howls from the pseudo pack to a different pack, and record their reactions and responses. Eventually, I hope to work with biologists, and wolves in the Yellowstone area. This is especially important since the wolf has now been delisted as an endangered species in Montana, Idaho, and parts of Utah.

Project Title	Is There A Better Mouse Trap?
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0103
Student Name	Carly Evens Chandrielle Webster
Abstract	The purpose of the project was that we know there are a lot of mousetraps that will make a mouse suffer when trapped or just won’t work and we wanted to see which mousetrap would dispose of a mouse the best, without the mouse suffering. We used Styrofoam tubing and toothpicks to represent a mouse’s neck. We then set up different mousetraps and tested to see which one worked best. We went to the pet store to get measurements of a mouse’s neck so we could have a decent measurement. We observed how the mousetrap smashed the Styrofoam and damaged the toothpicks. If the mousetrap broke the toothpicks the mouse wouldn’t suffer, but the mouse would suffer if it didn’t break the toothpicks. If there was a dent in the Styrofoam it would mean the mouse would be trapped and would suffer. One problem we had was our first test failed due to the Styrofoam being to big, for our next tests we had to get different materials. The second problem we had was the mousetraps would snap and move, with our replication of a mouse’s neck being smaller, we decided to tape down the traps. To conclude, our hypothesis should be rejected. Our hypothesis was, the Home Defense Maxâ„¢ mousetrap will dispose of a mouse the best with the least amount of suffering for the mouse. The Tomcatâ„¢ wooden mousetrap did the best. The Home Defense Maxâ„¢ dented the Styrofoam, but the Tomcatâ„¢ damaged the toothpicks all three tests.

Project Title	Is There A Better Mouse Trap?
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0103
Student Name	Chandrielle Webster Carly Evens
Abstract	The purpose of the project was that we know there are a lot of mousetraps that will make a mouse suffer when trapped or just won’t work and we wanted to see which mousetrap would dispose of a mouse the best, without the mouse suffering. We used Styrofoam tubing and toothpicks to represent a mouse’s neck. We then set up different mousetraps and tested to see which one worked best. We went to the pet store to get measurements of a mouse’s neck so we could have a decent measurement. We observed how the mousetrap smashed the Styrofoam and damaged the toothpicks. If the mousetrap broke the toothpicks the mouse wouldn’t suffer, but the mouse would suffer if it didn’t break the toothpicks. If there was a dent in the Styrofoam it would mean the mouse would be trapped and would suffer. One problem we had was our first test failed due to the Styrofoam being to big, for our next tests we had to get different materials. The second problem we had was the mousetraps would snap and move, with our replication of a mouse’s neck being smaller, we decided to tape down the traps. To conclude, our hypothesis should be rejected. Our hypothesis was, the Home Defense Maxâ„¢ mousetrap will dispose of a mouse the best with the least amount of suffering for the mouse. The Tomcatâ„¢ wooden mousetrap did the best. The Home Defense Maxâ„¢ dented the Styrofoam, but the Tomcatâ„¢ damaged the toothpicks all three tests.

Project Title	Seasonality, Colony Age, and Dysentery in Honey Bees
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0104
Student Name	Andrea Findlay
Abstract	Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are important to our Nation’s ecosystems and agricultural industry. Nosema (Nosema apis) is a spore forming protozoan that has caused decreased production, poor health and death in honey bees. Current treatments appear effective, but they may be only killing older diseased bees; thus, appearing to reduce the disease in the hive. Newly split hives will have lower nosema spore loads than the established hives that they were split from. I questioned whether hives would be more infested in the winter than in the fall. Bees were collected from both older and newly created hives. Spore loads were determined and analyzed. Spore loads in the older (over wintered) hives were 3.09 times higher than those in newly split hives. 75% of younger hives had no or very few spores. Only 40% of older hives had no or very few spores. Spore loads in winter hives were 2.13 times higher than older hives and 6.58 times higher than those in newly split hives. Also, 42.86% of winter sampled hives had no or very few spores. My hypothesis is confirmed. Newly created hives have lower nosema spore loads than older hives. Therefore, splitting hives can be an effective way to reduce spore loads in young hives. Hives sampled in the winter had much higher spore loads than either old or newly split hives sampled in the fall. Therefore, the winter season is a critical time for the prevention of nosema.

Project Title	Hominid Origins
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0105
Student Name	Miles Hubbard Hunter Wimmer
Abstract	Our project is an analysis of a paleoanthropological conundrum known as the genus-bridge. Our question: is the answer to hominid origins in our known fossil record, and, if not, what is the closest thing to it? We hypothesized that Australopithecus sediba represented the closest thing to the genus-bridge. Our procedure was a mathematical analysis of the height, braincase, nose, and general anatomy of eight hominid species. We graphed the points by hand and validated them twice on a graphing calculator. We gathered data by analyzing multiple volumes on our subjects. We concluded that our hypothesis was correct because A. sediba was the closest thing to the genus-bridge, but we also found something of even greater importance-- the evolution triangle, as we named it, that reshapes the understanding of how hominids evolved. Using this data, we came up with the Triangular Evolution (TE) theory. This combines the theory of punctuated equilibrium, with the conclusions of our project to form the H-W model of evolution. We have read through scientific papers and volumes on our topic and have concluded that this is the first time that anyone has ever documented this. This lack of documentation is probably due to the fact that some mandatory subjects in the H-W model were not discovered until recently. Using the H-W model, we can predict the efficiency and size of the human brain as it evolves. Our discoveries, once widely accepted, have the potential to become the most accurate model of evolution available.

Project Title	Hominid Origins
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0105
Student Name	Hunter Wimmer Miles Hubbard
Abstract	Our project is an analysis of a paleoanthropological conundrum known as the genus-bridge. Our question: is the answer to hominid origins in our known fossil record, and, if not, what is the closest thing to it? We hypothesized that Australopithecus sediba represented the closest thing to the genus-bridge. Our procedure was a mathematical analysis of the height, braincase, nose, and general anatomy of eight hominid species. We graphed the points by hand and validated them twice on a graphing calculator. We gathered data by analyzing multiple volumes on our subjects. We concluded that our hypothesis was correct because A. sediba was the closest thing to the genus-bridge, but we also found something of even greater importance-- the evolution triangle, as we named it, that reshapes the understanding of how hominids evolved. Using this data, we came up with the Triangular Evolution (TE) theory. This combines the theory of punctuated equilibrium, with the conclusions of our project to form the H-W model of evolution. We have read through scientific papers and volumes on our topic and have concluded that this is the first time that anyone has ever documented this. This lack of documentation is probably due to the fact that some mandatory subjects in the H-W model were not discovered until recently. Using the H-W model, we can predict the efficiency and size of the human brain as it evolves. Our discoveries, once widely accepted, have the potential to become the most accurate model of evolution available.

Project Title	Breaking Point
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0106
Student Name	Andalyn Hall
Abstract	I raise Huacaya Alpacas for my Supervised Agriculture Experience in FFA. This year, to expand my project I want to harvest and sell alpaca fiber. I wanted to find the alpaca in my herd with the strongest fiber. Therefore with my small herd I tested the alpacas with only one variable, age. These alpacas made good candidates for this experiment because of their ages and their lineage, as they are all in the same family. I tested three female alpacas. The oldest, Alpaca One, is 17 years old. Second oldest, Alpaca Two, is 11 years old. The youngest, Alpaca Three, is 5 years old. The procedure is as follows: collecting fiber samples, separating alpaca fiber into individual strands, and testing ten different single fiber samples from the three test subjects. To collect the fiber samples, I used Oster shears, and shaved the fiber sample from the same location on each alpaca. Next, I had to separate the three large fiber samples into ten single strand samples. Finally I tested the ten single strand fiber samples from each alpaca. I tested the samples on an Instron 5565 tensile machine at my uncle works, Thermo Fisher Scientific, in Logan Utah. From my test results I can conclude that the middle aged alpaca has the strongest fiber. I am carrying on this project when I deliver a new baby cria. I would like to test a fiber sample from each year of its life. This will give more detailed results on fiber strength.

Project Title	Turmeric as an antioxidant
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0107
Student Name	Kemarie Jorgensen
Abstract	For the district fair I was testing to see if turmeric can be used as an antioxidant. I bought Daphnia Magna and counted their heart rates under a microscope, then averaged them. Next I put 3 drops of potassium perchlorate (KCL04) with a concentrate of .1 gKCL04/100ml water on the daphnia and left them for 30 min. I recounted their heart rates and added 3 drops of turmeric and left them for 30 more minutes. After which I counted their heart rates for the final time. I repeated this 2 more times with concentrations of potassium perchlorate at 1gKCL04/100ml water and 10gKCL04/100ml water. For the state fair I am adding long term effects of turmeric on daphnia.

Project Title	Fish Habitat Preferences
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0108
Student Name	Colin Rich Jothan Stocking
Abstract	My friend and I had been wondering if fish cared what their aquarium looked like and if they had any preferences about dÃ©cor. For our project we took a 29 gallon glass aquarium with a clear divider to split the aquarium in half. The divider had several 2 holes drilled in it allowing the fish to move from one side to the other. On one side of the divider was an industrial environment with pvc pipes and no substrate. The other side had sand substrate, grass plants and sword plants to represent a naturalistic environment. The experiment started with half of each species on each side of the aquarium with equal amounts of food. We used Black Skirt Tetras, Neon Tetras, Albino Cory Catfish and Otocinclus Catfish. We counted the number of fish on each side twice daily to see if the fish showed a preference for a specific habitat. After 5 days we took the original fish and placed them in another aquarium and put new fish in the test aquarium. We used 5 Black Skirts, 10 Neons, 3 Corys and 2 Otocinclus in each session. We both hypothesized that the fish would stay on the naturalistic side, we were correct. After the experiments, the fish stayed in the aquariums as pets. No fish were harmed in the process of this project, or the making of this abstract.

Project Title	Fish Habitat Preferences
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0108
Student Name	Jonathan Stocking Colin Rich
Abstract	My friend and I had been wondering if fish cared what their aquarium looked like and if they had any preferences about dÃ©cor. For our project we took a 29 gallon glass aquarium with a clear divider to split the aquarium in half. The divider had several 2 holes drilled in it allowing the fish to move from one side to the other. On one side of the divider was an industrial environment with pvc pipes and no substrate. The other side had sand substrate, grass plants and sword plants to represent a naturalistic environment. The experiment started with half of each species on each side of the aquarium with equal amounts of food. We used Black Skirt Tetras, Neon Tetras, Albino Cory Catfish and Otocinclus Catfish. We counted the number of fish on each side twice daily to see if the fish showed a preference for a specific habitat. After 5 days we took the original fish and placed them in another aquarium and put new fish in the test aquarium. We used 5 Black Skirts, 10 Neons, 3 Corys and 2 Otocinclus in each session. We both hypothesized that the fish would stay on the naturalistic side, we were correct. After the experiments, the fish stayed in the aquariums as pets. No fish were harmed in the process of this project, or the making of this abstract.

Project Title	Everyday Entomophagy
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0109
Student Name	Emily Aase
Abstract	Due to over-consumption of animal proteins, the earth is running out of space and resources required to support the increased meat production estimated to take place in the near future. However, there is a potential meat source that is more ecological, as well as nutritious. Entomophagy, or the practice of eating insects, could be the answer to this food crisis. Is there a way of using insects to partially replace animal proteins and make them palatable? I tested the feasibility of this by researching the cost, availability, preparation, and palatability of insects used as a supplement in baking. I purchased 200 crickets from local pet stores, as well as pre-packaged freeze-dried mealworms. I prepared the crickets by feeding them fruits and vegetables for 24 hours to purge them of filler foods. They were frozen to euthanize, then rinsed, drained, and baked at 200Â° Fahrenheit for one hour. Afterward, the insects were ground into flour. I made wheat bread using part cricket flour (14.29% or Â¼ cup) and bran muffins with mealworm flour (50% or Â½ cup), comparing the appearance, smell, and taste of the insect foods with the original recipes. I found that integrating insects into a diet is feasible, but requires money and time. Since so many are required for a substantial amount of food, raising insects on an individual basis requires a larger production than can be reasonably expected of the population. In the future, Entomophagy can become more possible with a cheaper, more accessible source of insects.

Project Title	Modeling thermal conductivity in sus scrofa domesticus epidermis
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0110
Student Name	Kellie Hoch Shalesha Martinez
Abstract	Question: How does the tissue depth (independent) affect the temperature (dependent) at different rates when heated by infrared radiation? Procedure: 1. Turn the computer on. Connect the four temperature probes into the Lab pro. 2. Click on the logger pro program. Then, push experiment and set the time to 120 minutes. Set it so it collects data twice every minute. 3. Put the infrared lamp on its stand. Stick each of the temperature probes in between a layer of the pig skin. 4. Push start and let the program collect the data. 5. Repeat the experiment again. 6. Find an equation. Conclusion: The inner layers of the pig skin continued to heat up while the outer layers did not. The data was not at all what we expected. The water content of the skin may be a contributing factor to why the two graphs were different. The formulas don’t line up exactly with the graphs. A more controlled environment would be needed to understand exactly what went on, as well as a redesign in the experiment. This could be done with more accurate temperature probes, a better infrared lamp, as well as using actual human skin. Fat and muscle content in the pig skin would also need to be taken into account. Practical Applications: ¢Babies need their temperatures regulated when they are born. ¢Those who work in the field of forensics would also benefit from a better knowledge of skin conductivity.

Project Title	Modeling Thermal Conductivity in Sus Scrofa Domesticus Epidermis
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0110
Student Name	Shalesha Martinez Kellie Hoch
Abstract	This project is on heat tranfer of pig skin. To help understand more about why I chose this project was because this relates to the career choice I want to persue, the field of medicine. For example in order to become a NICU Nurse (Newborn Intensive Care Unit Nurse) you have to have the experience and understanding of how to work with the babies sensitive skin. To be a NICU nurse you have to regulate a babies temperature. I used four different layers of pig skin, an infrared radiation lamp, four temperature probs, and a lab pro to demonstrate the data. I tried three different formulas they were quadratic, quartic, and linear. The quartic looked to be the best fit, but wasn't. I ended up using the linear equation. The problem was, how does the tissue depth (independent) affect the temperature (dependent) at different rates when heated by infrared radiation? My hypothesis was that the temperature would increase at a constant speed. My hypothesis was wrong. By doing this experiment it proved that the pig skins heat did increase and it reached a certain point and then leveled off. They each had different rates and didn't heat up at a constant speed. The inner layers continued heating when the other layers didn't. This project allowed us to see how fast the temperature went up for 120 minutes, measuring it twice every minute. This experiment could also be useful information for cases of hypothermia, burns, or other conditions relating to skin.

Project Title	Eggs And Light
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0111
Student Name	Cody Smith
Abstract	Being the owner of 10 chickens I have always faced a problem in the winter, which is that the chickens lay far fewer eggs. For my Science Fair project I decided to test if light was a factor in the decreasing number of eggs in the winter. My hypothesis was that since the winter nights are much longer, that if I increase the wattage of light in my chicken coop during the night then the chickens will lay more eggs. In designing my experiment I decided to add light to my chicken coop during the night and record how many eggs were layed the next day. My control was the first two weeks of the experiment where I added no light and recorded the number of eggs layed. After that two week period I added a 25 watt light bulb to the coop at night. I kept this light and recorded the amount of eggs layed for two weeks. After those two weeks I did the same thing with a 60 watt light bulb. The two weeks after that I used a 100 watt light bulb. After the experiment was over I analyzed my data and found that the average number of eggs layed every day increased by about half an egg for each new wattage of light bulb. This data leads me to the conclusion that if I increase the wattage of light in the chicken coop during the night the chickens will lay more eggs, supporting my hypothesis.

Project Title	Dogs and their paw preference
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0112
Student Name	Lilly Kriglstein Caitlyn Loree
Abstract	Our project was on dogs and their paw preference. It is important because if a dog has a preference, it could help determine their personality and energy levels. It may also affect working dogs like police dogs or Seeing Eye dogs and how they behave with their owners. Our hypothesis states that if the dogs used their left or right paw most, then that is their paw preference, which we proved to be right. We used three tests to see which paw they used the most, and some didn’t use a paw at all. Some of the variables were the dogs age, breed, and possibly even their training. At the end of our experiment, we saw that not only could dogs have a paw preference, but also ambidextrous and a nose preference as well. The majority of our dogs had a nose preference, which was 35% of our dogs (21 dogs total tested). 5% was a fail, which was only one dog. 20% was left pawed, 15% was right pawed, 10% was ambidextrous, and 15% was undefined. Our project was a success, and opened our eyes to many more possibilities, such as working with service dogs. We saw that dogs are much more intelligent than we originally thought, and that they do have personalities and think for themselves just like humans do.

Project Title	Dogs & Their Paw Preference
Category	Secondary: Animal Science
Table Number	H0112
Student Name	Caitlyn Loree Lilly Kriglstein
Abstract	Our project was on dogs and their paw preference. It is important because if a dog has a preference, it could help determine their personality and energy levels. It may also affect working dogs like police dogs or Seeing Eye dogs and how they behave with their owners. Our hypothesis states that if the dogs used their left or right paw most, then that is their paw preference, which we proved to be right. We used three tests to see which paw they used the most, and some didn’t use a paw at all. Some of the variables were the dogs age, breed, and possibly even their training. At the end of our experiment, we saw that not only could dogs have a paw preference, but also ambidextrous and a nose preference as well. The majority of our dogs had a nose preference, which was 35% of our dogs (21 dogs total tested). 5% was a fail, which was only one dog. 20% was left pawed, 15% was right pawed, 10% was ambidextrous, and 15% was undefined. Our project was a success, and opened our eyes to many more possibilities, such as working with service dogs. We saw that dogs are much more intelligent than we originally thought, and that they do have personalities and think for themselves just like humans do.

Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science

Project Title	The Power of Reading
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0201
Student Name	Kirsten Cluff
Abstract	For my project I wanted to find out if the amount of hours a ninth grader reads freely outside of school affects their reading fluency and comprehension. When I tested my participants I asked them how many hours they read outside of school. I then timed them as they read a portion of the passage aloud to me, I marked whenever they made a mistake or self-correction. When the participant got to a certain point I had them finish reading the passage silently while I calculated their mistakes and fluency percentage. Once they finished reading the passage silently, I asked them some comprehension questions on what they had just read to determine what they understood from the literature passage. The results of my testing were not what I expected. I expected that the participants who read more outside of school would have a better fluency and comprehension than those who don’t read as often. Two of the subjects, one who reads many hours on leisure time and one who reads less hours per week, both scored high in almost every category. The person who read the second highest amount of hours read the most words per minute. These results showed that the number of free reading hours does not affect the reading fluency and comprehension.

Project Title	Computer VS Text
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0202
Student Name	Ethan Adams Seth Erickson
Abstract	For our project, we tested to see whether working on computers or working on text is more effective for students learning. We had two tests, a math test and a literature test, and two groups, computer and text. Ten 9th graders were in each group and ten from each group tested on computer and text. Five tested on computer, and five tested on text. Each person took a test in one of the groups, and each test had a total of ten questions. After each student finished taking the test, we recorded the results and got an average percent of the correct answers and compared the two percentages to find which group was more effective. From our data, we noticed that computers are being more spread out through the world and are being more used by people every day. Computers are a cheaper way to learn and more things are being put on computers that we use today, including classes at school. But, we figured from this experiment, computers aren't the best way to get effective learning. Our conclusion was that learning from text is more effective than learning from computers, so if students want to get the most out of their learning, the best way is through text.

Project Title	Computer VS Text
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0202
Student Name	Seth Erickson Ethan Adams
Abstract	For our project, we tested to see whether working on computers or working on text is more effective for students learning. We had two tests, a math test and a literature test, and two groups, computer and text. Ten 9th graders were in each group and ten from each group tested on computer and text. Five tested on computer, and five tested on text. Each person took a test in one of the groups, and each test had a total of ten questions. After each student finished taking the test, we recorded the results and got an average percent of the correct answers and compared the two percentages to find which group was more effective. From our data, we noticed that computers are being more spread out through the world and are being more used by people every day. Computers are a cheaper way to learn and more things are being put on computers that we use today, including classes at school. But, we figured from this experiment, computers aren't the best way to get effective learning. Our conclusion was that learning from text is more effective than learning from computers, so if students want to get the most out of their learning, the best way is through text.

Project Title	Free Throw Frenzy
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0203
Student Name	Alyssa Crabb
Abstract	Most people are aware of the fact that every person is born with a dominant hand. However, most people don’t know that you are also born with a dominant eye. Since I play high school basketball, and eyes are super important when you are shooting, I decided to test and see if eye dominance had any effect on your shooting percentage. For my experiment, I gathered up 50 teens (ages 12-18) and had them each shoot 10 free throws. Then, I tested them 3 times for eye dominance by using a simple test I found on USAeyes.com. Basically, they focused on a thimble through a 1’’ by 1’’ hole in a paper while moving up the paper to their face. This forced their mind to at one point, pick an eye. The eye they chose was their dominant one. After this, they filled out a survey stating their age, hand dominance, and free throws made. Once I had all the information, I put it into the computer and analyzed it based on opposite hand -eye dominance percentage vs. same- hand eye dominance percentage. Then, I broke that main group up into gender, age, and basketball experience. I wanted to see if those groups showed an improved percentage with opposite hand-eye dominance or if those traits affected the results. In conclusion, I discovered that there was a slight increase in free throw percentage with people who were female, possessed opposite hand-eye dominance, participants ages 12-15, and the PGHS girl’s basketball team.

Project Title	Boys vs. Girls: The Stress Factor
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0204
Student Name	Sarah Austin Sarah Conner
Abstract	Our question was whether boys or girls are more stressed. We also wanted to know which grade “ 8th, 9th, or 10th “ was most stressed. We made surveys asking about personal stress. We gave the surveys to students at our school and the nearest high school. We surveyed 10 students per gender per grade (20 per grade) with a total of 60 students. We found that 9th graders reported to be most stressed, and 8th graders least stressed. Overall, the girls reported being stressed more than the boys.

Project Title	Boys Vs. Girls: The Stress Factor
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0204
Student Name	Sarah Conner
Abstract	Our question was whether boys or girls are more stressed. We also wanted to know which grade “ 8th, 9th, or 10th “ was most stressed. We made surveys asking about personal stress. We gave the surveys to students at our school and the nearest high school. We surveyed 10 students per gender per grade (20 per grade) with a total of 60 students. We found that 9th graders reported to be most stressed, and 8th graders least stressed. Overall, the girls reported being stressed more than the boys.

Project Title	Two Lefts Don't Make a Right
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0206
Student Name	Lacey Jones
Abstract	I find the brain interesting in general, but more specifically, it’s interesting how the brain affects people’s personalities. I decided to do my project about left and right brain dominance. To begin, I took many personality tests online, to discover my own brain dominance. Suddenly, my whole family was interested; friends were too. The interest my idea generated helped me finalize my idea for the project. I formulated a personality test by compiling the best questions off the quizzes I took. I decided to also test the dominancy in people’s hands, feet, ears, and eyes, wondering if one-side brain dominance would affect how they used different parts of their bodies. Next, I found willing participants (25 girls and 25 boys) and tested them. When I was done, I charted the information to make my conclusions visually clear. I was surprised to discover not one participant was completely one-sided in the brain test, although the test forced everyone to have a dominant side. Most everyone was very close to using both sides of their brains almost equally. This lead to my conclusion people need to use both sides of their brains to be balanced in the tasks they perform daily. It is interesting to note that I ended up having an even number of right and left brained people, which makes me believe that half the population is left-brained, while the other half is right. Also, girls were predominantly right brained in the same proportion that boys were predominantly left.

Project Title	Extrinsic or Intrinsic: Which motivates best?
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0207
Student Name	Kaylee Beck Jessica Denning Emily Gwilliam
Abstract	The purpose of this experiment was to see which type of motivation was better used on three to five year olds in the South Jordan, Utah area: extrinsic (a prize) or intrinsic (praise). For the experiment, three to five year old preschool students were asked to put together a puzzle. The students were split into three groups. The first group was the control, so they were simply told to put together the puzzle. The second group was the intrinsic group; they were told to complete the puzzle and were praised and encouraged as they worked. The third group was the intrinsic group, so they were asked to do the puzzle and were told they would receive a treat when they were done but received no praise as they were working. The results of this experiment were that the extrinsic group’s average time was about five seconds faster than the control group’s time, and the control group was about five seconds faster than the intrinsic group, causing an approximately ten second difference in time between the extrinsic and intrinsic students. The conclusion of this experiment was that extrinsic motivation, in this case a prize, is a better motivator for three to five year olds in South Jordan, Utah than intrinsic motivation, in this case praise. After statistical analysis, the results were proved statistically insignificant.

Project Title	Extrinsic or Intrinsic: Which motivates best?
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0207
Student Name	Jessica Denning Emily Gwilliam Kaylee Beck
Abstract	The purpose of this experiment was to see which type of motivation was better used on three to five year olds in the South Jordan, Utah area: extrinsic (a prize) or intrinsic (praise). For the experiment, three to five year old preschool students were asked to put together a puzzle. The students were split into three groups. The first group was the control, so they were simply told to put together the puzzle. The second group was the intrinsic group; they were told to complete the puzzle and were praised and encouraged as they worked. The third group was the intrinsic group, so they were asked to do the puzzle and were told they would receive a treat when they were done but received no praise as they were working. The results of this experiment were that the extrinsic group’s average time was about five seconds faster than the control group’s time, and the control group was about five seconds faster than the intrinsic group, causing an approximately ten second difference in time between the extrinsic and intrinsic students. The conclusion of this experiment was that extrinsic motivation, in this case a prize, is a better motivator for three to five year olds in South Jordan, Utah than intrinsic motivation, in this case praise. After statistical analysis, the results were proved statistically insignificant.

Project Title	Extrinsic or Intrinsic: Which Motivates Best?
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0207
Student Name	Emily Gwilliam Jessica Denning Kaylee Beck
Abstract	The purpose of this experiment was to see which type of motivation was better used on three to five year olds in the South Jordan, Utah area: extrinsic (a prize) or intrinsic (praise). For the experiment, three to five year old preschool students were asked to put together a puzzle. The students were split into three groups. The first group was the control, so they were simply told to put together the puzzle. The second group was the intrinsic group; they were told to complete the puzzle and were praised and encouraged as they worked. The third group was the intrinsic group, so they were asked to do the puzzle and were told they would receive a treat when they were done but received no praise as they were working. The results of this experiment were that the extrinsic group’s average time was about five seconds faster than the control group’s time, and the control group was about five seconds faster than the intrinsic group, causing an approximately ten second difference in time between the extrinsic and intrinsic students. The conclusion of this experiment was that extrinsic motivation, in this case a prize, is a better motivator for three to five year olds in South Jordan, Utah than intrinsic motivation, in this case praise. After statistical analysis, the results were proved statistically insignificant.

Project Title	Quantum Emotional Intensity
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0208
Student Name	Ross Lee
Abstract	The subject of emotions is a curious one. They are mysterious, yet often revealing. This experiment suggests that the intensity of emotions is quantized into specific numbers, not necessarily being comparable to a whole unidentifiable mass. In this experiment, it is given that the human body changes physiologically when experiencing emotions. Is it possible to quantize one's emotions, and if so, how? Emotional response is correlated between certain points of the epidermis and the hypothalamus in the brain. The conductivity of the skin, when amplified by a constant voltage, may seek to explain how these emotional responses work. If the peak amplitude levels and the frequency are known, certain variables can be found. In the apparatus for this experiment, a constant voltage was applied to the skin while a person asked a series of questions that would raise sinusoidal changes in galvanic skin response. Using a line of best fit for exponential decreasing E-Meter frequency data (used by the Church of Scientology), a constant was determined to explain the correlation between skin resistance and frequency. Using the newfound frequency, the quantum energy of the theoretical carrier wave was found using Max Planck's constant. One conclusion in particular that was found in the findings was that the quantum energies are very close to each other, despite the noticeably different changes in skin resistance.

Project Title	Short Term Memory
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0209
Student Name	Courtney Lott
Abstract	Who is more smart, men or women? I tested men and women with ages ranging from 14 to 35. How I tested them is I would show each test subject a card with numbers on it with digits ranging from three to fifteen. I would show them the card for ten seconds then put it down and immediately ask them what the numbers were. I found that men can remember numbers better than women.

Project Title	The Tendons of the Knee part 2
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0210
Student Name	Tiffany Phan
Abstract	This project is going to be a build on from what was done during my junior year and that is to test more about the knee and see how the data will be different when there are different material are involved and not just about the rubber bands, like the project that was done last year. This project is getting tested will be about how different materials like; rubber, plastic, tape, yarn, thread, and etc., will work if it was on a knee and was used all about. Our tendons are important since they are able to move and work as it is and this project is going to see which material will be able to mock the tendons in a way that on the outside of the human body.

Project Title	The Impact In Spatial Recognition Between Virtual and Physical Environmental Dimensions
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0211
Student Name	Mina Park Winter Wester
Abstract	Our experiment was to study The Impact In Spatial Recognition Between Virtual and Physical Environmental Dimensions. For our experiment, we tested the usefulness of maps. We believed that overhead maps would not be that useful, since we live in 3D environment. We tested 30 respondents by having the complete 2 mazes. For each maze, they were given a map to look upon for thirty seconds. They then did the mazes once without the map, and once with the map. We had them do the 3D mazes, created on an application called MazeWalker, on a laptop, and the 2D maze on a piece of paper. They had 240 seconds to complete the mazes, at which we told them to stop. We also asked whether or not they played video games and/or board games. We found that those who play video games tended to do better on the 3D maze, while those who play board game did better on the 2D maze. Those who did neither didn't do very well in any of them. We concluded that maps, if in the same dimension that it's being used for, are indeed helpful. Otherwise, peoples minds tended to become confused trying to convert the information into a usable form.

Project Title	The Impact In Spatial Recognition Between Virtual And Physical Environmental Dimentions
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0211
Student Name	Winter Wester Mi Park
Abstract	Our experiment was to study The Impact In Spatial Recognition Between Virtual and Physical Environmental Dimensions. For our experiment, we tested the usefulness of maps. We believed that overhead maps would not be that useful, since we live in 3D environment. We tested 30 respondents by having the complete 2 mazes. For each maze, they were given a map to look upon for thirty seconds. They then did the mazes once without the map, and once with the map. We had them do the 3D mazes, created on an application called MazeWalker, on a laptop, and the 2D maze on a piece of paper. They had 240 seconds to complete the mazes, at which we told them to stop. We also asked whether or not they played video games and/or board games. We found that those who play video games tended to do better on the 3D maze, while those who play board game did better on the 2D maze. Those who did neither didn't do very well in any of them. We concluded that maps, if in the same dimension that it's being used for, are indeed helpful. Otherwise, peoples minds tended to become confused trying to convert the information into a usable form.

Project Title	Should I go to college?
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0212
Student Name	Fatima Reedy
Abstract	I wanted to know if college graduates were more intelligent than non-college graduates. I chose this project to help stress the importance of college for the youth, including myself. I distributed the same test including questions from math, science, fine arts, and history to 24 adults. Half of them are college graduates, the other half are non-college graduates. The participants took a 40 question test in a quiet room, using no help or cheats. This test was not timed. I collected all the completed tests and recorded their scores and separated them by college ranking, and by test subject. After the scores were recorded I added the total questions correct, out of total questions overall. I did this for both college graduates, and non-college graduates, and compared the number of questions correct. I conclude that the college graduates scored 3% higher than the non- college graduates. Regardless of the small difference in knowledge between the two groups I tested, I want to share with others that going to college will help you learn new things. The experience itself can teach you social skills, give you the ability to have a better job with a higher paying salary, and also contribute to raising a successful family. This experiment has helped me to start concurrent enrollment at a local university. It has helped my family, friends, and everyone who passes my display board to make a choice that is best for them. Hopefully they choose to attend college.

Project Title	Tools to Succeed
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0213
Student Name	Briana Vickery
Abstract	The reasoning behind the project was my mom always asked me about my homework. Thats when I decided to do this project. And it might not be as fancy or impressive but I just want to get my point across. I conducted the research by handing out a survey that consisted of thirteen simple questions such as, ''How often do you talk to parents about grades?''

Project Title	Do Different Types of Fonts Affect Our Memorization
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0214
Student Name	Alexa Roberts Danielle Brugger Haili Gonzalez
Abstract	For this experiment five fonts were tested to see which font was best to memorize a passage with. Our question was out of the fonts Times New Roman, Jokerman, Matisse ITC, Lucinda Handwriting and Impact, which font would be easiest for students between 12 and 18 to memorize? It was hypothesized that Times New Roman would be the best font to read and memorize because it is a standard for most everything. For experimenting a total of ten subjects were taken into an isolated room one at a time and given a passage to read. The subjects had one minute to read and memorize the passage, word-for-word, and a minute and a half to repeat it back. This was repeated five times total, each passage with different fonts. While subjects were memorizing every move they made was recorded to see if anything a certain subject did contributed to them doing better or worse in memorization. After the experimenting was completed and data put together results showed that no font was the easiest to memorize. All the fonts were within ten percent of each other and none did better than 50% words correct. Our hypothesis was off by over 20% but the experiment was interesting and fun.

Project Title	Do Different Types of Fonts Affect Our Memorisation?
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0214
Student Name	Danielle Brugger Haili Gonzalez Alexa Roberts
Abstract	For this experiment five fonts were tested to see which font was best to memorize a passage with. Our question was out of the fonts Times New Roman, Jokerman, Matisse ITC, Lucinda Handwriting and Impact, which font would be easiest for students between 12 and 18 to memorize? It was hypothesized that Times New Roman would be the best font to read and memorize because it is a standard for most everything. For experimenting a total of ten subjects were taken into an isolated room one at a time and given a passage to read. The subjects had one minute to read and memorize the passage, word-for-word, and a minute and a half to repeat it back. This was repeated five times total, each passage with different fonts. While subjects were memorizing every move they made was recorded to see if anything a certain subject did contributed to them doing better or worse in memorization. After the experimenting was completed and data put together results showed that no font was the easiest to memorize. All the fonts were within ten percent of each other and none did better than 50% words correct. Our hypothesis was off by over 20% but the experiment was interesting and fun.

Project Title	Do Different Types of Fonts Affect Our Memorization?
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0214
Student Name	Haili Gonzalez Danielle Brugger Alexa Roberts
Abstract	For this experiment five fonts were tested to see which font was best to memorize a passage with. Our question was out of the fonts Times New Roman, Jokerman, Matisse ITC, Lucinda Handwriting and Impact, which font would be easiest for students between 12 and 18 to memorize? It was hypothesized that Times New Roman would be the best font to read and memorize because it is a standard for most everything. For experimenting a total of ten subjects were taken into an isolated room one at a time and given a passage to read. The subjects had one minute to read and memorize the passage, word-for-word, and a minute and a half to repeat it back. This was repeated five times total, each passage with different fonts. While subjects were memorizing every move they made was recorded to see if anything a certain subject did contributed to them doing better or worse in memorization. After the experimenting was completed and data put together results showed that no font was the easiest to memorize. All the fonts were within ten percent of each other and none did better than 50% words correct. Our hypothesis was off by over 20% but the experiment was interesting and fun.

Project Title	Pick a Snack Any Snack
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0215
Student Name	Cayson Williams
Abstract	Children’s buying influences are affected by the packaging marketers place around products. The question for this experiment was how much are children influenced by product packaging. To conduct this experiment children between the age of two and seven were given a choice of fruit snacks with different characters. The procedure allowed each child complete freedom to select a snack based on their preference. The only difference in the snacks was the boxes. As each child selected a snack, their age and gender were recorded. The results demonstrated the two most selected characters were Dora the Explorer and Bugs Bunny. Over two thirds of the females selected Dora and were especially strong with the younger children. The Dora character is targeted toward a younger child that shows there is some influence among younger children and their selections. The hypothesis was Scooby Doo would be the most selected because it is considered to be a more universal character across both genders. The hypothesis was not correct because children selected snacks more associated with their gender. This information is valuable to companies that produce products for the marketplace as well as to parents. Parents can use this information to help educate children to understand how marketers try to influence buying decisions. As children become more educated they will grow to be better consumers making decisions based on logic and reason rather than packaging influence. Companies are constantly changing marketing plans and this research demonstrates it is successful with today’s children.

Project Title	Arab-Israeli Terrorism: The Method to the Madness
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0216
Student Name	Joseph Cassler
Abstract	The social science project Method to the Madness asks if we are able to scientifically confirm or falsify common understandings about the use of terrorism in the Arab-Israeli conflict. With the help of the NKSS current events archives and the Java encrypted EP TOOL, I put to test 3 common hypotheses regarding the conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians. Hypothesis 1: During peace negotiations between the Israeli and Palestinian authorities, terrorist groups on both sides will step up terror attacks in order to derail those negotiations. After much testing, I concluded we can disprove this hypothesis: when we look at the relationship between peace negotiations and terrorist incidents, only 2/25 of the time does the hypothesis hold, which is not different from non-negotiation time periods. Hypothesis 2: When the Israelis significantly increase their strikes against the Palestinians, the Palestinians do back off and decrease their level of violence. According to my results, we cannot say that this tactic that the Israelis use is successful, since it works less than half of the time, according to my results. Hypothesis 3: After 9-11, the Palestinians desire not to be seen as being in league with the terror agenda of Al Qaeda, and so they refrain from violence and keep the peace. It is, instead, the Israelis who break the peace in the post 9-11 period. My results show this never occurred, indicating that the Israelis never broke the peace in this period, and neither did the Palestinians refrain from violence during this time.

Project Title	Don't Judge The Book By Its Cover
Category	Secondary: Behavioral & Social Science
Table Number	H0217
Student Name	Nora Rodriguez
Abstract	A person's appearence is a part of everyday life. When people are quick to judge something that is a part of who we are; it isn't taken lightly. The clothing we wear is a part of our image and if it is criticized or judged upon quickly it can affect our lives in more ways than one. An exmple would be if you were at a job interview and hadn't worn the right clothes. The employer would probably take one look at you and discard your application, even if you are highly qualified. People shouldn't judge on appearance but it is a part of human nature. There is a way to avoid negitive criticism. In my test I gave four distinct variables to test, such as artistic ability, knowledge, social ability, and health. I was able to test each scenario with a choice of clothing. In the surveys I handed out, there were four different pictures and four different questions following directally below each one. Each question had a key element testinf a certain scenario. The participant filling out the survey would answer how likely each question would be for the person in the picture above. The answers would be on a scale of 1 - 10 (10 being most likely). With this I was able to calculate which dress would be most suitable for certain scenarios. Each type of dress how one trait standing out above the rest. An example of this would be with Person #1 wearing the business dress. He scored higher on education and social ability then in health and artistic ability, but when he was dressed in black he scored higher on artistic abitly. In conclusion the different things we wear can effect how others look at us, but if we know what people are expecting we can adjust our look accordingly. This can be used to more define you own style through clothes and encourage a good first impression from others. It's always good to make a good first impression so here is a way to adjust it yourself.

Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry

Project Title	Pucker Up
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0301
Student Name	Cambria Bowers
Abstract	Do you have a child at home that has a strong dislike toward particular foods? This may not be anyone’s fault. In fact, it could just be their age. For example, I have an extreme dislike for mushrooms, yet my grandma loves them. This got me thinking if age affects how sensitive we are to certain tastes and foods? And if so, which age group is the most sensitive? I hypothesized that age would determine sensitivity and that the adults 21-29 would be the most sensitive. I decided to use sour candy for testing since it was easy to measure the pH levels and most people tend to be sensitive to the acidic content in the candy. After finding 3 candies with different pH levels, I then had 50 people-5 age groups and 10 people per age group, taste 1 piece of each of the 3 candies and rank the sourness from 1 (most sour) to 3 (least sour). After compiling the data, my hypothesis was half correct. Age did affect sensitivity, but the most sensitive age group ended up being a tie between the 13-18 year old and the kids age 3-10. During my research for the project, I read an article that suggested that how we taste sour could be hereditary. I am currently testing that theory by using one pH level of citric acid on each person in the immediate family of the teens and kids from my project, specifically the parents.

Project Title	Catalyst Conundrum
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0302
Student Name	Zachary Brock Austin Partridge Devin Froerer
Abstract	How does changing the amount of catalyst added to a reaction affect the rate of the reaction? In order to test this question, we utilized a common catalyst-based reaction between aluminum and copper sulfate. This reaction is possible through the use of salt, the catalyst. In our tests, we created a copper sulfate solution using 200 mL of water and 10 g of copper sulfate pentahydrate. We used 2 g aluminum foil in each test. The amount of salt added was our variable; we added 2 g, 5 g, and 10 g for each of ten tests, thirty tests total. We stirred the reaction at a constant rate and measured the temperature with a thermometer, measuring the time of the reaction with a stopwatch. Because the reaction is exothermic, we were able to determine when the reaction was complete based on when the temperature peaked, measured by a digital thermometer. We averaged all of our findings for each of the variable sets in order to find the average time to completion for each catalyst amount. We hypothesized that increasing the amount of catalyst added would increase the rate of reaction. Our findings show that our hypothesis was correct; the average time to completion decreased as the amount of catalyst added increased.

Project Title	Catalyst Conundrum
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0302
Student Name	Devin Froerer Zachary Brock Austin Partridge
Abstract	How does changing the amount of catalyst added to a reaction affect the rate of the reaction? In order to test this question, we utilized a common catalyst-based reaction between aluminum and copper sulfate. This reaction is possible through the use of salt, the catalyst. In our tests, we created a copper sulfate solution using 200 mL of water and 10 g of copper sulfate pentahydrate. We used 2 g aluminum foil in each test. The amount of salt added was our variable; we added 2 g, 5 g, and 10 g for each of ten tests, thirty tests total. We stirred the reaction at a constant rate and measured the temperature with a thermometer, measuring the time of the reaction with a stopwatch. Because the reaction is exothermic, we were able to determine when the reaction was complete based on when the temperature peaked, measured by a digital thermometer. We averaged all of our findings for each of the variable sets in order to find the average time to completion for each catalyst amount. We hypothesized that increasing the amount of catalyst added would increase the rate of reaction. Our findings show that our hypothesis was correct; the average time to completion decreased as the amount of catalyst added increased.

Project Title	Catalyst Cunundrum
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0302
Student Name	Austin Partridge Zachary Brock Devin Froerer
Abstract	How does changing the amount of catalyst added to a reaction affect the rate of the reaction? In order to test this question, we utilized a common catalyst-based reaction between aluminum and copper sulfate. This reaction is possible through the use of salt, the catalyst. In our tests, we created a copper sulfate solution using 200 mL of water and 10 g of copper sulfate pentahydrate. We used 2 g aluminum foil in each test. The amount of salt added was our variable; we added 2 g, 5 g, and 10 g for each of ten tests, thirty tests total. We stirred the reaction at a constant rate and measured the temperature with a thermometer, measuring the time of the reaction with a stopwatch. Because the reaction is exothermic, we were able to determine when the reaction was complete based on when the temperature peaked, measured by a digital thermometer. We averaged all of our findings for each of the variable sets in order to find the average time to completion for each catalyst amount. We hypothesized that increasing the amount of catalyst added would increase the rate of reaction. Our findings show that our hypothesis was correct; the average time to completion decreased as the amount of catalyst added increased.

Project Title	Lowering Temperatures With Chemicals
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0303
Student Name	Emma Carlsen
Abstract	How does concentration affect the temperature of ice water when salts, sugar, or isopropyl alcohol are added? Place a bowl on the scale. Fill fifteen containers 10 grams of refrigerated water. Place 40 grams of ice in water in 1st container. Place sodium chloride in bowl on the scale until it reaches 1 g. Once it reaches that point, pour it into ice water. Start timer. Once ice water temperature stops dropping, record temperature and time. Place 40 grams of ice in water in next container. Place sodium chloride in bowl on the scale until it reaches 2 g. Once it reaches that point, pour it into ice water. Start timer. Once ice water temperature stops dropping, record temperature and time. Place 40 grams of ice in water in next container. Place sodium chloride in bowl on the scale until it reaches 5 g. Once it reaches that point, pour it into ice water. Start timer. Once ice water temperature stops dropping, record temperature and time. Repeat cycle with ammonium sulfate, calcium chloride, isopropyl alcohol, and sugar. Gather all data together and see results. The results were that with greater concentrations calcium chloride hit the lowest temperature at -11.3 CÂº.

Project Title	Protein Function in Cheese Production
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0304
Student Name	Jake Hutchings
Abstract	My experiment tests the function of three different enzymes as clotting agents in whole milk. The three clotting agents that I used were Buttermilk, Rennet, and Chymosin. Before conducting my experiment I created a hypothesis stating that the clotting agent known as Chymosin will produce the largest volume of cheese in the shortest amount of time. I then added the same amount of each clotting agent to three containers of the same amount of whole milk. Within an hour time period the Buttermilk solution and the Chymosin solution began to curdle. Unlike the Buttermilk and Chymosin solutions the Rennet took twice as long to curdle. After the solutions had curdled I poured them into my whey-o-meter made of a plastic funnel, a graduated cylinder, and cheese cloth. After waiting approximately half an hour I calculated the volume of the whey and curds after they were separated. The volumes of the whey and curds were that the Buttermilk solution produced 75ml of whey and 25ml of curd, the Rennet solution produced 64ml of whey and 36ml of curd, and the Chymosin solution produced 34ml of Whey and 66ml of curd. The results that I received from the experiment showed that my hypothesis was correct that scientifically modified proteins will produce the largest volume of curd. After recording my results I placed my curds onto plates, lightly salted them, and enjoyed them with some crackers.

Project Title	Combustion and how soaking wood in liquids effects it.
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0305
Student Name	Justin Froerer Colton Kennedy Jacob Lipscomb
Abstract	Our original problem was to find out what household liquids will make a six inch block of wood burn best. How we went about finding this was to gather as many common household liquids and narrow it down. We Chose Antifreeze, Canola Oil, Hairspray, Rubbing Alcohol, and as a Control we used wood that had no accelerant liquid. We chose this problem because we thought it sounded interesting and could lead to information we might need to know. Our procedure was to first gather materials needed for the project. We soaked the wood in the different liquids. We then proceeded to ignite and burn the wood, recording the data throughout. We chose these procedures because we felt it would get us the desired results. From our data we have found that Canola Oil burned the longest by an average of 4:36 minutes. Hairspray and Antifreeze on average made the wood die faster than the control. We found this data by burning the wood and following the procedures.

Project Title	Combustion and how Soaking Wood in Liquids Effects it
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0305
Student Name	Colton Kennedy Jacob Lipscomb Justin Froerer
Abstract	Our original problem was to find out what household liquids will make a six inch block of wood burn best. How we went about finding this was to gather as many common household liquids and narrow it down. We Chose Antifreeze, Canola Oil, Hairspray, Rubbing Alcohol, and as a Control we used wood that had no accelerant liquid. We chose this problem because we thought it sounded interesting and could lead to information we might need to know. Our procedure was to first gather materials needed for the project. We soaked the wood in the different liquids. We then proceeded to ignite and burn the wood, recording the data throughout. We chose these procedures because we felt it would get us the desired results. From our data we have found that Canola Oil burned the longest by an average of 4:36 minutes. Hairspray and Antifreeze on average made the wood die faster than the control. We found this data by burning the wood and following the procedures.

Project Title	Combustion, and how soaking wood in liquids effects it.
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0305
Student Name	Jacob Lipscomb Justin Froerer Colton Kennedy
Abstract	Our original problem was to find out what household liquids will make a six inch block of wood burn best. How we went about finding this was to gather as many common household liquids and narrow it down. We Chose Antifreeze, Canola Oil, Hairspray, Rubbing Alcohol, and as a Control we used wood that had no accelerant liquid. We chose this problem because we thought it sounded interesting and could lead to information we might need to know. Our procedure was tofirst gather materials needed for the project. We soaked the wood in the different liquids. We then proceeded to ignite and burn the wood, recording the data throughout. We chose these procedures because we felt it would get us the desired results. From our data we have found that Canola Oil burned the longest by an average of 4:36 minutes. Hairspray and Antifreeze on average made the wood die faster than the control. We found this data by burning the wood and following the procedures.

Project Title	Land Mine Detection
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0306
Student Name	Ethan Lowe
Abstract	A simple method was developed for detecting 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in soil. The method involves the extraction of the TNT from soil using acetone and a wick. A red-colored colored reaction is obtained by adding potassium hydroxide, and the color intensity was measured using a simple colorimeter based on a green LED and a Digital Volt Meter. The colorimeter was calibrated using Beers law and known concentrations of TNT. The detection limit is 4 ppm. Various soils were tested including samples from a known detonation site. A low-cost kit is proposed for third world farmers who need tools to aid in the cleanup of leftover ordinance.

Project Title	The Sciences and Reflexes of Dizziness
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0307
Student Name	Rylee Kartchner
Abstract	The purpose of my project was to learn about how and why you get dizzy. The initial idea was to determine which senses are involved in making people get dizzy. I had success with the quick stop, all senses”leading me to wonder why it would make you the dizziest. Dizziness was determined by spinning in a chair, with and without earplugs and a blindfold, either with an active recovery or an abrupt stop. I used five people as test subjects. Dizziness was measured by the time the eyes twitched for, as well as on a rating of 1-5, 5 being extremely dizzy. The test subjects found themselves most dizzy when they spun with all their senses. As soon as we stop moving, the bony tubes stop moving, however the perilymph fluid isn’t connected to anything, therefore it keeps spinning. An abrupt stop causes the fluid to continue moving, making you dizzy. Oppositely, an active recovery makes you less dizzy because the fluid is able to settle. When all senses are available, you become dizzier because the information your eyes and ears give is different and confuses the brain. This project contributed twofold. First, when all senses of your senses are available to you, you become dizzier than if you do not have your sight or hearing. Second, an abrupt stop makes you dizzier than if you do an active recovery by slowing down to a stop.

Project Title	Melting Ice
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0308
Student Name	Katherine Harvey Cayla Larson
Abstract	Our project was to determine the effect of pH of a liquid on the melting time of ice. We took seven different liquids and determined their pH levels, then timed how quickly the ice melted in each liquid. We found that the ice melted fasted in the liquid with a pH of 7, which is identical to that of the ice used.

Project Title	Melting Ice
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0308
Student Name	Cayla Larson Katherine Harvey
Abstract	Our project was to determine the effect of pH of a liquid on the melting time of ice. We took seven different liquids and determined their pH levels, then timed how quickly the ice melted in each liquid. We found that the ice melted fasted in the liquid with a pH of 7, which is identical to that of the ice used.

Project Title	Bacteria and Phones
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0309
Student Name	Lacey Osborne
Abstract	For my project I wanted to do bacteria on phones. My question was what kind of phone would have the most bacteria? I chose to do this because it is something every person uses in there lives, we always use a phone everyday. When I started this project I decided to go into a little more detail on what kind of phone. Not just a cell phone, but what style of phone would have the most bacteria. That is how I chose my hypothesis. I thought a cell phone would be dirtier then any other phone. But more into detail I thought a flip phone would have more bacteria. When I got the petri dishes, I had to dip a q tip in sterilized water and rubbed it all over the phone, then I rubbed it onto the petri dish. I then let the bacteria and fungi grow and looked at the results. I thought that cell phones would be dirtier then any kind of phone, because we always have it with us. But to be sure I tested 5 kinds of phones. 1. Flip Phone 2. Iphone 3. Home Phone 4. Pay Phone 5. School Phone As I tested these I found out that home phones and pay phones are the dirtiest phones out there. Growing more bacteria and having also more fungi then any other phone. My hypothesis was wrong cell phones are not the dirtiest phones out there... its your house phones and pay phones!

Project Title	Water on Wood
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0310
Student Name	Tyler Larkin Jacob Rigby Matthew Westberg
Abstract	The question that led to this experiment was, Is there a significant difference between varnishing, waterproofing, and paints? If so, how much do the coatings of paint differ from each other in numerical data? Four eight foot pieces of 2x4 were cut into sixty six inch pieces. Fifteen pieces were then painted for each test group; varnish, waterproofing, or paint. They were left to dry for seventy-two hours and after drying these pieces of wood they were marked and weighed. After being weighed, they were then completely submerged in water for the space of 120 hours. The pieces of wood were patted dry and weighed again to give the final weight. Since one milliliter of water equals one gram, the final weight was subtracted by the initial weight to determine how much water was absorbed. The results were that paint absorbed 2% more water than the control group, waterproofing absorbed 56% less water than the control group, and varnish absorbed 21% more water than the control group. Astonished at the final results of varnish, more research was conducted and the organic formula of varnish was found. It was discovered that the CO2CH2 will bind with the cell wall of the wood as water would, but since this is in a polymer chain that is not rigid, some of the CO2CH2 will not bind with the cell wall; giving water an unnatural entry way for water to bind with the wood.

Project Title	Water on Wood
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0310
Student Name	Jacob Rigby Matthew Westberg Tyler Larkin
Abstract	The question that led to this experiment was, Is there a significant difference between varnishing, waterproofing, and paints? If so, how much do the coatings of paint differ from each other in numerical data? Four eight foot pieces of 2x4 were cut into sixty six inch pieces. Fifteen pieces were then painted for each test group; varnish, waterproofing, or paint. They were left to dry for seventy-two hours and after drying these pieces of wood they were marked and weighed. After being weighed, they were then completely submerged in water for the space of 120 hours. The pieces of wood were patted dry and weighed again to give the final weight. Since one milliliter of water equals one gram, the final weight was subtracted by the initial weight to determine how much water was absorbed. The results were that paint absorbed 2% more water than the control group, waterproofing absorbed 56% less water than the control group, and varnish absorbed 21% more water than the control group. Astonished at the final results of varnish, more research was conducted and the organic formula of varnish was found. It was discovered that the CO2CH2 will bind with the cell wall of the wood as water would, but since this is in a polymer chain that is not rigid, some of the CO2CH2 will not bind with the cell wall; giving water an unnatural entry way for water to bind with the wood.

Project Title	Water of Wood
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0310
Student Name	Matthew Westberg Tyler Larkin Jacob Rigby
Abstract	The question that led to this experiment was, Is there a significant difference between varnishing, waterproofing, and paints? If so, how much do the coatings of paint differ from each other in numerical data? Four eight foot pieces of 2x4 were cut into sixty six inch pieces. Fifteen pieces were then painted for each test group; varnish, waterproofing, or paint. They were left to dry for seventy-two hours and after drying these pieces of wood they were marked and weighed. After being weighed, they were then completely submerged in water for the space of 120 hours. The pieces of wood were patted dry and weighed again to give the final weight. Since one milliliter of water equals one gram, the final weight was subtracted by the initial weight to determine how much water was absorbed. The results were that paint absorbed 2% more water than the control group, waterproofing absorbed 56% less water than the control group, and varnish absorbed 21% more water than the control group. Astonished at the final results of varnish, more research was conducted and the organic formula of varnish was found. It was discovered that the CO2CH2 will bind with the cell wall of the wood as water would, but since this is in a polymer chain that is not rigid, some of the CO2CH2 will not bind with the cell wall; giving water an unnatural entry way for water to bind with the wood.

Project Title	Comparison of Elephant and Mammoth DNA
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0311
Student Name	Margret Passmore
Abstract	Woolly mammoths roamed the ancient world with their monstrous figure and impending bulk. Next to the saber tooth tiger and the dodo bird, these magnificent creatures have become extinct. Some of their bodies were encased in ice, in places like Siberia, and have been preserved and discovered in our day and age. Because of their preservation, scientists have been studying their DNA from their hair and bones and sharing what they know with the world. In this project I asked which elephant was the closest relative to the woolly mammoth and how fast did those genes mutate? I was able to use the Bioinformatics tool, BLAST, to compare 40 different woolly mammoth DNA and elephant DNA sequences. I used sequences from their mitochondrion because mitochondrion DNA is always passed to the offspring from the mother, none of the mitochondrion DNA comes from the father. This makes it really easy to track where mutations occurred because there is no mixing of genes or crossing when the egg divides. I can pinpoint when they mutated from comparing their DNA and their mutation rates. Doing this I am able to determine that the Asian elephant is the closest relative to the great mammoth. This helps me with my skills in Biotechnology. It allows me to know how to use bioinformatics tools so that in the future I can compare virus DNA or AIDS and help the world in a way that I otherwise would not have been able to do.

Project Title	Desalination with Aquatic Plants
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0312
Student Name	Nathan Porter
Abstract	Desalination with Aquatic Plants The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether or not aquatic plants introduced to saline water would reduce the salt content of the water. Rising salinity is a problem throughout waterways of the United States. To carry out the experiment the aquatic plant known as Anacharis was introduced to samples of salt water. Containers of water containing sodium chloride and calcium chloride were set up under a growing light. Two grams of aquatic plant were introduced to each water sample. Each concentration of salt to water had five trials of both sodium chloride and calcium chloride. In the setup of the experiment temperature, amount of light received, time in saline solution, and mass of plant were held constant for each trial. The salinity of water was originally going to be measured in milligrams per liter every day, but because of unforeseen problems with equipment, only an initial and final measurement was made. From looking at the Data alone no conclusion was reached. However, based on the known characteristics of plants and their behavior with salts, inferences were made about the outcome of this experiment. Much of the concluding is based on the before and after mass of the plants. Based on these data, inferences were made in support of my hypothesis that the salinity would be decreased by introducing plants. This process could be applied to the real world once a more efficient and cost effective method was discovered for this process of desalination.

Project Title	Hydrogen Production in Electrolysis
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0313
Student Name	Katherine Morse Akaila Rasmussen
Abstract	This experiment was designed to test how different electrolytes will affect the rate of production of hydrogen in electrolysis. Our question: What characteristics of electrolytes will be the most affective in the production of hydrogen in electrolysis? Using a baseline Hofmann apparatus, hydrogen production was measured for four different salt compounds: ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride. One tabled-spoon of each electrolyte was added, respectively, to the tap water and stirred and then underwent electrolysis for one hour. After one hour, the apparatus was disconnected and the amount of hydrogen produced per trial was measured and recorded. The amount of hydrogen produced varied significantly depending on the compound used. After recording and comparing the results of the experiment, we observed that the ammonium chloride compound produced the most hydrogen. We also observed that each electrolyte’s production amount corresponded with its size and its complexity “ the larger the compound and the more components it consisted of, the more hydrogen would be produced. From these observations, we inferred that the larger and more complex the electrolyte that is used, the more hydrogen will be produced. This hydrogen can then be harvested and used in subsequent reactions, instead of gasoline, to produce energy

Project Title	Hydrogen Production in Electrolysis
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0313
Student Name	Akaila Rasmussen Katie Morse
Abstract	This experiment was designed to test how different electrolytes will affect the rate of production of hydrogen in electrolysis. Our question: What characteristics of electrolytes will be the most affective in the production of hydrogen in electrolysis? Using a baseline Hofmann apparatus, hydrogen production was measured for four different salt compounds: ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride. One tabled-spoon of each electrolyte was added, respectively, to the tap water and stirred and then underwent electrolysis for one hour. After one hour, the apparatus was disconnected and the amount of hydrogen produced per trial was measured and recorded. The amount of hydrogen produced varied significantly depending on the compound used. After recording and comparing the results of the experiment, we observed that the ammonium chloride compound produced the most hydrogen. We also observed that each electrolyte’s production amount corresponded with its size and its complexity “ the larger the compound and the more components it consisted of, the more hydrogen would be produced. From these observations, we inferred that the larger and more complex the electrolyte that is used, the more hydrogen will be produced. This hydrogen can then be harvested and used in subsequent reactions, instead of gasoline, to produce energy. produce energy

Project Title	Oceans Motions
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0314
Student Name	Derek Shumway
Abstract	With my personal and original invention called the Electric Donut it will change the world and save lives using the simple, most abundant source on earth, water. The Oceans Motions project is focused on completely reinventing a personal sized simple desalination machine called the Watercone that only produces water on a personal scale, finding its pros & cons while making a new simple desalination machine called the Electric Donut, that has all of the same, but improved pros and none of the cons of the Watercone, which can be used by anyone in the world who needs water, especially Africa, plus engineering it for industrial uses potentially creating a new, multi “ billion dollar market that doesn’t even exist. Question: If electricity is added to boiling salt water then will it act as a catalyst, and speed up the time it takes to boil? Will the same occur if salt water is moving in a circular motion? Procedure: Boil stationary and swirling salt water until all salt water is evaporated to be collected, repeat using copper & aluminum rods for electricity injections. Initial amount of salt, water, heat applied, electricity used, and circular motion of water (swirling) must be kept constant for all experiments. Conclusion: Adding electricity to boiling salt water does act as a catalyst when trying to speed up the time it takes to boil, but swirling it in a circular motion with or without electricity while boiling does not speed up the time it takes to boil.

Project Title	BOOM! Is biodiesel the fuel of the future?
Category	Secondary: Biochemistry & Chemistry
Table Number	H0315
Student Name	Jared Yates
Abstract	My project was testing on whether homemade biodiesel, made from various oils, is as flammable as petroleum diesel. It was not finding a cost effective solution to petroleum diesel. My experiment involved creating my own biodiesel, then testing to see at what height my biodiesel would ignite, compared to petroleum diesel. After all testing, the data only showed that out of all 16 mixtures tested, only 3 mixture’s averages were higher than petroleum diesel. And out of the 3 mixtures, one mixture, pure Canola oil, was only higher than petroleum diesel because one test had a really high ignition point. So that leaves 2 reasonable mixtures higher than petroleum diesel, but these 2 mixtures were only higher by .25 cm. The final nail in the biodiesels coffin is the fact that the results were all over the place, and the fact that the only mixtures of biodiesel that were higher than petroleum diesel, were only higher by .25 cm. Therefore it is concluded that out of petroleum diesel, peanut, corn, canola, and vegetable based biodiesels, petroleum diesel is still the most flammable fuel.

Secondary: Computer Science

Project Title	Can a Computer Detect Word Print?
Category	Secondary: Computer Science
Table Number	H0401
Student Name	Brayden Carlson
Abstract	In my Language Arts class we have been using an online essay program that automatically grades the student’s essay. Many of my classmates have wondered if the computer can actually detect their writing style. Anther reason for this experiment is that many books in the world remain anonymous and I wanted to see if a computer could fix that. If a computer is used to gather metrics about an author’s writing style, then those metrics can be used to find other books by that author by matching them with his or her writing style. I gathered five books from four various authors, and then I then wrote a simple computer program to read the books and tell me information about the books. For example the average word length. A computer with the programming language Python installed, and a website by the name of the Gutenburg Project. I came up with the results that showed the differences between authors. It clearly showed the different writing styles of the authors. The average word length for all the authors was very similar, but the other differences between the authors made up for it. It was fairly easy to detect the authors on the unknown books. Although there was some books that didn’t really match up with their authors. This was especially noticeable in the lexical density. This could be because the author could have used a wider range of words in a particular book.

Project Title	Fun With Augumented Reality
Category	Secondary: Computer Science
Table Number	H0402
Student Name	Branson Carter Alex Muniz
Abstract	Our project consists of showing examples of how augmented reality can help in the new modern world. We give examples of medical, military, advertisment, ect.. We also in this project describe what augmented reality is, how it works and why it could be important in the new world. Along with explaining what augmented reality is and how it can be applied in this world we also test some of its limits and problems that could occur with its development. Some of the limits that were tested were distance of recognition, difference in size, and whether distortion. We found that there is a certain distance of recognition, size affects the image and distortion is a limiting factor. The camera works by reading every part of the code card and if a little bit of the card is distorted the camera will not recognize it and the computer wont read it. Along with giving examples we also will present props and examples so the real concept of augmented reality can be presented first hand. Some of the props that we show is a 3D world, walking mario, and skull. We wish to also present some of the medical applications. We wish to leave the people that we present augmented reality to with an interest in augmented reality and present them with as much general information as possible. We really enjoyed learning about augmented reality and hope to see its applications more common in our developing world.

Project Title	Fun with augmented reality
Category	Secondary: Computer Science
Table Number	H0402
Student Name	Alex Muniz Branson Carter Alex Muniz
Abstract	Our project consists of showing examples of how augmented reality can help in the new modern world. We give examples of medical, military, advertisement, etc.. We also in this project describe what augmented reality is, how it works and why it could be important in the new world. Along with explaining what augmented reality is and how it can be applied in this world we also test some of its limits and problems that could occur with its development. Some of the limits that were tested were distance of recognition, difference in size, and whether distortion. We found that there is a certain distance of recognition, size affects the image and distortion is a limiting factor. The camera works by reading every part of the code card and if a little bit of the card is distorted the camera will not recognize it and the computer wont read it. Along with giving examples we also will present props and examples so the real concept of augmented reality can be presented first hand. Some of the props that we show is a 3D world, walking Mario, and skull. We wish to also present some of the medical applications. We wish to leave the people that we present augmented reality to with an interest in augmented reality and present them with as much general information as possible. We really enjoyed learning about augmented reality and hope to see its applications more common in our developing world.

Project Title	Multitouch Table
Category	Secondary: Computer Science
Table Number	H0403
Student Name	Jason Crandall
Abstract	This product and engineering procedure was dedicated to create a way where multitouch technology could be incorporated into a home and business setting. It involves The four types of multitouch techniques: Direct Interaction, Multitouch, Multiuser, and Object Recognition. All of these types include something with large interactions, which ties into why it would work well in a home or business. It works through a technique called Rear DI, which stands for rear diffused illumination. It has an infrared camera inside the table that shoots infrared light towards the diffuser, or frosted plexiglass in this case, which is where the light gets captured. It sits there until an object touches the table, which then reflects the light back down to the camera. It then runs it through a software called CCV (Community Core Vision) and then goes through the calibration. From here, apps can be created from a simple flash player to allow efficiency for anyone to use. The Rear DI technique, combined with the software and plugins, allows for the most efficient use of multitouch computing that can be offered.

Project Title	Photographic Encryption
Category	Secondary: Computer Science
Table Number	H0404
Student Name	Francois Gerday
Abstract	This Interactive Graphical User Interface (GUI) application allows the user to encrypt and decrypt a file using an image as the key. This choice of the project was prompted by the fact that an encryption is only as secure as its password. Having an image as the password makes it nigh impossible to guess as you cannot feasibly run through every photo in existence to find a match. I used the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to encrypt and decrypt a chosen file so once encrypted the file cannot be decoded within a single lifetime. My second goal was to expand my programming knowledge. I used many prebuilt functions in java such as the JFileChooser, which allowed me to create a professional looking GUI without using hundreds of lines of code. I have become more proficient programming in java and more efficient in my code. I used the Java language in the NetBeans Integrated Development Environment (IDE). IDEs assist computer programmers in writing and debugging their code by identifying compile time and run time errors. They also help with syntax and formatting code. My application meets its goals and is user-friendly.

Project Title	Creating a GUI for the ROS Movement to Allow Wider Access to Robotics Research
Category	Secondary: Computer Science
Table Number	H0405
Student Name	Parker Gibbons
Abstract	Schools now have the capability to own high speed internet, functional computers, and low cost robots. There should be no reason why students shouldn’t have the opportunity to work with robotics research in school. However, the software for robots is still fairly complicated and may scare some students away from the programming aspect of working with robots. The best and most highly regarded robotics software for academic research, ROS, or the Robot Operating System, still uses a command line interface and libraries that are too complicated to access. In order to solve that problem, this project focuses on creating a GUI, graphic user interface, for students that will offer a more user-friendly way to get started in robotics.

Project Title	MultiC++
Category	Secondary: Computer Science
Table Number	H0406
Student Name	David Hamner
Abstract	Summary MultiC++ is a testing application meant for teachers to be able to make tests as well as to give tests in a lab setting. Importance MultiC++ is the only open-source testing application that is using LANs. Because it uses LANs you do not need to be connected to the Internet. Design MultiC++ has three main parts. The teacher part, the student part and the networking part which puts it all together.

Project Title	Risk Combat Probabilities
Category	Secondary: Computer Science
Table Number	H0407
Student Name	Benjamin Heninger
Abstract	How many armies does one need to conquer a territory in the game of Risk? This probability question is interesting because the rules of Risk give certain advantages to the defender like winning ties and being able to use all armies, and other advantages to the attacker like rolling more dice. Obviously, if one side is far larger than the other they will usually win. I experimented by rolling dice and trying each combination of attacker and defender army counts, but this process was tedious and error prone. Using some help, I then created a program with C++ to model each roll of dice and battle to determine the winner. I was able to execute each combination with up to 15 armies on each side 10,000 times. The results showed that when both sides are equal and there are less than 11 armies on each side, the defender will usually win. Otherwise, the attacker will win.

Project Title	Facial Recognition
Category	Secondary: Computer Science
Table Number	H0408
Student Name	Zac Lalliss
Abstract	Purpose: I want to figure out Which Facial Feature is the Most Unique and the Best for Identifying a Face? Hypothesis: My hypothesis is that the nose and eyes will be the most unique facial features from person to person. Procedure: Design and build a computer software program that will help in the area of facial recognition; come up with 5 facial measurements to measure during my experiment; gather 25-30 test subjects so I can use their pictures in my software; take a picture of the subject; measure the width between the outer edges of the eyes (m1); measure the width between the inner edges of the eyes (m2); measure the width of the nose at the nostrils (m3); measure the height from the bottom of the chin to the tip of the nose (m4); measure the height from the tip of the nose to the pupils of the eyes (m5); choose the facial feature(s) that you want to compare against; compare results of search. Results: My data showed that my hypothesis was correct. The nose and eyes are the most unique facial feature and I can use these features to identify a persons face.

Secondary: Earth & Planetary Science

Project Title	Exploring Erosion
Category	Secondary: Earth & Planetary Science
Table Number	H0501
Student Name	Cassandra Hoopes Kirsten Anderson Benjamin Sumsion
Abstract	The question we investigated was: Which method of erosion control (gravel, newspaper strips, or North American Green erosion control blanket) will prevent the greatest volume of dirt run-off? This is important to society today because erosion has the potential to destroy homes, contaminate water, block roads, and cause environments where plants cannot grow. To carry out our experiment we built an apparatus separating the dirt into four sections (one for each of the variables) with a sprinkler acting as our rain imitation. Before each trial we would take a measurement of our initial volume, and then turn on running water for 30 minutes (imitation Â½ in. of rain) and take a final measurement of the volume of dirt that ran off. The best method was the erosion control blanket, followed by the shredded newspaper, then the gravel, and last the control. We interpreted that the reason for successful results were because of water distribution, rain-drop impact protection, and absorption.

Project Title	Exploring Erosion
Category	Secondary: Earth & Planetary Science
Table Number	H0501
Student Name	Kirsten Anderson Cassandra Hoopes Benjamin Sumsion
Abstract	The question we investigated was: Which method of erosion control (gravel, newspaper strips, or North American Green erosion control blanket) will prevent the greatest volume of dirt run-off? This is important to society today because erosion has the potential to destroy homes, contaminate water, block roads, and cause environments where plants cannot grow. To carry out our experiment we built an apparatus separating the dirt into four sections (one for each of the variables) with a sprinkler acting as our rain imitation. Before each trial we would take a measurement of our initial volume, and then turn on running water for 30 minutes (imitation Â½ in. of rain) and take a final measurement of the volume of dirt that ran off. The best method was the erosion control blanket, followed by the shredded newspaper, then the gravel, and last the control. We interpreted that the reason for successful results were because of water distribution, rain-drop impact protection, and absorption.

Project Title	Exploring Erosion
Category	Secondary: Earth & Planetary Science
Table Number	H0501
Student Name	Ben Sumsion Kirsten Anderson Cassie Hoopes
Abstract	The question we investigated was: Which method of erosion control (gravel, newspaper strips, or North American Green erosion control blanket) will prevent the greatest volume of dirt run-off? This is important to society today because erosion has the potential to destroy homes, contaminate water, block roads, and cause environments where plants cannot grow. To carry out our experiment we built an apparatus separating the dirt into four sections (one for each of the variables) with a sprinkler acting as our rain imitation. Before each trial we would take a measurement of our initial volume, and then turn on running water for 30 minutes (imitation Â½ in. of rain) and take a final measurement of the volume of dirt that ran off. The best method was the erosion control blanket, followed by the shredded newspaper, then the gravel, and last the control. We interpreted that the reason for successful results were because of water distribution, rain-drop impact protection, and absorption.

Project Title	Acid Rain
Category	Secondary: Earth & Planetary Science
Table Number	H0502
Student Name	Madison Nielson
Abstract	The purpose of the project was to see if the pollution that we are causing as humans, would affect the growth of plants. I wanted to see if I changed the pH levels in the water that it would cause the plants not to grow or just stunt the growth. I used the same methods for both of the experiments. In both I soaked the beans in varying levels of vinegar and water to see if anything would grow with the different pH levels. With soaking the beans it represented Wet Disposition, this is when rain, which has acid, falls and flows over the plants which causes stunt or no growth. It was easier to sprout the beans then to plant them because in the little cups they didn’t have room to grow. The beans sprout sideways instead of upwards and with 5 other beans it did not show any signs of growth. When I decided to try a second experiment I went with the spouting because it had enough room. My hypothesis was if I soak vinegar in any percentage of vinegar then they will not grow, was right. None of the beans in the percentage of vinegar grew at all. In the second experiment, three beans in the 0% Ziploc bag grew after a week. The first experiment was a failure. If the pH levels in the environment are dramatically changed, it is hard for living things to adapt and they die or struggle.

Project Title	Compost, more than just nutrients?
Category	Secondary: Earth & Planetary Science
Table Number	H0503
Student Name	Caroline Wang Jeffrey Wang
Abstract	Our experiment is meant to find out whether or not adding colloidal humus (or compost) to topsoil can effect how much water the soil can retain. We hypothesized that adding compost to topsoil would indeed help the topsoil retain more water. To do so, we combined the compost and the topsoil together. Next, we ran water through it and measured how much water drained out. The less water measured, the more water the soil absorbed. For our result, we found that the highest amount of water collected was from manure with a 27.1mL average. The lowest amount of water collected was from Banana, with an average of 14.1mL. The control, or just topsoil, averaged at 15.6mL.The results shown make it so there is not a definite answer due to the numbers collected being so close to each other. Therefore, it can be concluded that adding manure does not help soil retain water, but banana peels do.

Project Title	Compost, more than just nutrients?
Category	Secondary: Earth & Planetary Science
Table Number	H0503
Student Name	Jeffrey Wang Caroline Wang
Abstract	Our experiment is meant to find out whether or not adding colloidal humus (or compost) to topsoil can effect how much water the soil can retain. We hypothesized that adding compost to topsoil would indeed help the topsoil retain more water. To do so, we combined the compost and the topsoil together. Next, we ran water through it and measured how much water drained out. The less water measured, the more water the soil absorbed. For our result, we found that the highest amount of water collected was from manure with a 27.1mL average. The lowest amount of water collected was from Banana, with an average of 14.1mL. The control, or just topsoil, averaged at 15.6mL.The results shown make it so there is not a definite answer due to the numbers collected being so close to each other. Therefore, it can be concluded that adding manure does not help soil retain water, but banana peels do.

Secondary: Energy & Transportation

Project Title	Hydroelectric Microgeneration
Category	Secondary: Energy & Transportation
Table Number	H0601
Student Name	Mikaela Lybbert
Abstract	Question: Is it feasible to generate electricity on a micro level from water running through standard household plumbing? The volume of water running through the pipes of an average house is insignificant compared to what is required to drive standard hydroelectric generators, but when all of the water running through all of the pipes in a community is aggregated, it becomes substantial. Similarly, the electricity generated from a single microgenerator may be insignificant, but if the technology were applied to an entire community, the aggregate becomes significant. Feasibility is defined as: The system generates at least 1.5 watts, costs less than $100, and does not significantly impede water flow, preventing widespread acceptance. Methods: An impeller was placed inside a pipe similar to standard household plumbing. This impeller transformed the kinetic energy of the water flowing through the pipe into electrical energy. Results: I built and rebuilt prototypes, applying what I learned from each design in the construction of the next one. The first, second, and fourth prototypes did not work at all. I tested a total of five different designs, with each prototype taking days to research, design and construct. I was able to generate an average of 2-2.5 volts. The peak was 3.3 volts, though in some of the unrecorded preliminary testing we witnessed 5 volts. Using a one amp generator this converts to a 3.3 watts peak, and 2-2.5 watts average. This is more than an average photo cell generates, so there is promise in this approach.

Project Title	Wind Lens Innovation: Maximizing Wind Turbine Efficieny
Category	Secondary: Energy & Transportation
Table Number	H0602
Student Name	Justin Ngo
Abstract	As natural resources are being depleted, renewable green energy is in high demand. An extraordinary source of renewable green energy is wind energy, which is infinite and clean. The only thing holding wind technology use back is the benefit to cost ratio. Thanks to the new Wind-Lens system, wind turbine output can increase 2-5 times. Due to the technology infancy, the technology has not been exploited to its fullest potential. The Wind-Lens technology utilizes one brim diffuser which creates Karman vortices to increase the incoming velocity of the wind that goes through the diffuser. Constructing a wind turbine with a laser engraver and using a Lakewood box fan as a constant wind source at 1.8 meter/second. The conventional wind turbine as well as the Wind-Lens wind turbine with eight other innovated designs of the Wind-Lens were each tested 15 times and recorded with Logger Pro 3.8.4 for average power output over 30 seconds. Reversing the Wind-Lens technology to create the Karman vortices earlier, forces the wind through the diffuser increasing Wind-Lens said output by 160%.

Project Title	Gone With the Wind
Category	Secondary: Energy & Transportation
Table Number	H0603
Student Name	Keegan Pitchford
Abstract	This project was conducted to discover whether the power output of a small-scale wind turbine follows a predictable pattern, or power curve, similar to commercial-scale turbines, and if so, whether the rated power output of the wind turbine could be determined through observation and measurement. It was hypothesized that a small-scale wind turbine would follow a predictable power curve and the rated power output would be observable on it. To test this question a small-scale wind turbine was built and then connected to a volt meter. For each of five tests the wind-turbine was placed at nine predetermined distances from a leaf blower modified to vary wind speed, and at each position ten different wind speeds and energy outputs were measured. The collected data from all five tests completed formed a scatter graph with a line of best fit expressed by y= - 0.0737xÂ² + 1.9263x -8.0004. This power curve does contain the three main components of commercial-scale turbine ones: cut-in speed, rated power output, and rated output wind speed. For the model used in this experiment the cut-in speed is 5.2 mph, the rated power output is 4.6 volts, and the rated output wind speed is 13.1 mph. The graph clearly depicts a power curve and its accompanying rated power output, thus supporting the hypothesis. With the knowledge that the energy output of any wind turbine will follow a power curve, wind turbines can be designed to take advantage of the power curve structure and made more economically competitive.

Project Title	The Potential of Piezoelectric Material
Category	Secondary: Energy & Transportation
Table Number	H0604
Student Name	Jared Stacey
Abstract	I experimented to see whether piezoelectric material would be a reliable energy source to use. The way piezoelectric material generates electrical energy is in change of shape, or in other words movement. I studied a certain aspect of piezoelectric material: thermal expansion and thermal shrinking. I created a hypothesis that every time that the temperature was doubled, so was the energy that was generated. To measure these increases of temperature I used a temperature controlled chamber which I used to keep the material in a controlled environment in which the temperatures would rise and fall to a programmed temperature. I also used highly accurate thermometers and I pulled wires through the side and covered the side so that only the wires were getting through. After that I hooked them up to a tool that I made which was hooked up to an oscilloscope (used to measure amount or electricity being generated versus time). After that I used the temperature controlled chamber to start doing the temperature increases. The piezo electric material went through a series of jumps 10Â°C to 15Â°C and I measured that three times. Then 10Â°C to 20Â°C three times and last 10Â°C to 25Â°C three times. The experiment did not prove my hypothesis because I assumed that every time the temperature was doubled then it would double the amount of energy that would be created. The experiments showed that the energy generated was slightly more than double when the temperature change was doubled.

Project Title	Electric Water
Category	Secondary: Energy & Transportation
Table Number	H0605
Student Name	Abigail Stallard
Abstract	With my project I wanted to find a way to make energy without helping out global warming. I was looking through some projects on www.sciencebuddies.com and I came across this machine that took the charges out of water and made electricity. This machine is called a Kelvin electrostatic generator. I was also thinking about how to be the most efficient and make the most energy with the least amount of water. So my question was: If I add different solvents to water, which solvent will conduct the most electricity. My hypothesis was: If I add different solvents to water, then the sugar added to water will conduct the most electricity. So I built the Kelvin Electrostatic Generator using the instructions on the website. I then added plain water to the 4 litter jug at the top. I let the water run at the same rate for one minute. I counted each time the electricity jumped between the two nails and recorded it. I repeated those steps three times for three trials. I dried out the juice jug and added one cup of solvent to two quarts of water. I add the water mixture to the juice jug and did the same thing I did with just the plain water. After my three trials I rinsed the machine out. Whenever things got wet I dried them up. I repeated those steps with different solutions. My hypothesis was not supported. I really enjoyed this project.

Project Title	Saving electricity in the Home
Category	Secondary: Energy & Transportation
Table Number	H0606
Student Name	Camille Thomas
Abstract	Saving electricity is very important in our society today. Not only does it conserve money, but it saves the world along with it. That is why I chose to discover how we can save electricity in the home. There are many ways to save electricity through big changes and large investments. I wanted to focus on a way that is easiest for everyone. While conducting research, I came across the many clichÃ© terms such as turn of the lights and turn of appliances when not in use. I decided to experiment to see how much of an effect this has on the electricity bill. My hypothesis was, that turning off the lights would be the easiest and cheapest way to save energy. The very first step I took was to go into each room of my house and count the number of light bulbs, and the rated watts for each. I took all the results, estimated the time on, and calculated the kilowatt hours. Next I compared it to our monthly power bill, and discovered that lighting consumes 43% of the energy used. I then took a device known as a Kill A Watt EZ to measure the energy of common major household appliances. They used 12% of the energy, and the minor appliances used 5%. These results proved that lighting consumed the largest portion of the energy use at our home. Therefore, turning off the lights is the best way to save electricity in the home without large investments.

Secondary: Engineering

Project Title	Decreasing Light Pollution One Light At a Time
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0701
Student Name	Amber Barron
Abstract	Street light fixtures are designed to direct light for different purposes. Too often, these fixtures direct light into the sky where it is not needed, thereby, wasting energy, creating light pollution, and affecting nocturnal animal behavior. To address this problem, nine prototyped fixtures were designed and tested to evaluate the performance of different shapes, including conical, cylindrical, and prismatic. The design objective was to prevent light trespass (light pollution) and maximize illumination of the intended area using incandescent, compact fluorescent, and LED light sources. Different light fixture design and edge configuration yielded different results. Each design was extensively tested using a light meter and the results were used to improve each successive prototype. Light trespass was eliminated. The amount of light intensity was experimentally determined using a grid system of 31 data points. Ultimately, the design objective was achieved. All design fixtures prevented light trespass, and if reduced to practiced, would decrease light pollution. Several design fixtures maximized illumination of the intended area using incandescent, compact fluorescent, and LED technology.

Project Title	Music Box Amplification
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0702
Student Name	Rachel Ashcraft
Abstract	My project explores different materials that can be used to amplify sound. I tested ten different types of materials, and measured how the sound level varied with the different materials. The information from this project will help in many different areas, because in the modern world, many people are interested in music and sound. There are many different places and objects that have to be made out of certain materials so that they will amplify sound well. For example, there are many auditoriums and concert halls around the world. They are all made out of different materials that amplify sound in different ways, depending on what the building is used for. This experiment will provide more information on what materials are good for amplifying sound. To find which material amplified sound the most, I set a music box on top of each material, and used a sound level meter to measure the loudness (in decibels). My hypothesis was that the least dense materials would amplify the sound the most. I tested each material six times, and my results proved my hypothesis correct. Although not all of the materials followed the trend line, the majority did. I found that as the density of a material went up, the volume of the music box went down.

Project Title	Tesla Coils
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0703
Student Name	Nick Andersen Alec Anderson
Abstract	The problem being put into question by this experiment is how does a Static Spark gap on a Tesla Coil effect the overall arc length off the Toroid, the warrant behind this experiment is to better the knowledge of the Tesla Coiling community and to further the interest in this amazing device. We approached the problem by adjusting the spark gap and measuring the outcome, and by doing so we found a direct relationship between the two variables. The experiment, as stated before, could have benefits on the coiling community, furthering their knowledge on the subject thereby driving a spark of intuition and initiative into society.

Project Title	Tesla Coils
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0703
Student Name	Alec Anderson Nick Andersen
Abstract	The problem being put into question by this experiment is how does a Static Spark gap on a Tesla Coil effect the overall arc length off the Toroid, the warrant behind this experiment is to better the knowledge of the Tesla Coiling community and to further the interest in this amazing device. We approached the problem by adjusting the spark gap and measuring the outcome, and by doing so we found a direct relationship between the two variables. The experiment, as stated before, could have benefits on the coiling community, furthering their knowledge on the subject thereby driving a spark of intuition and initiative into society.

Project Title	Invisible To Radar
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0704
Student Name	Ethan Brooks
Abstract	My project is called Invisible to Radar. The original reason that I chose to do my science fair project about radar was that I was questioning the way planes can be near invisible to radar. I wondered what could improve their ability to be more invisible to radar. When I was conducting my experiment, I would set up a cardboard box with two holes next to each other on one end with a lux meter sensor in one hole and the flashlight in the other hole. I used the flashlight in place of the radar because they act in similar ways, but the flashlight can be seen and the radar waves can’t be (by the naked eye). Both of them were pointing toward the opposite side of the inside of the box. That opposite side held one of six shapes. One at a time I would insert a shape into the box. Once I had the first shape in the box I would turn the light and the meter on. The meter would measure how much light was on the face of the shape. I would then take the shape out and put the next shape in and do the same thing, recording each test for all of the shapes. I ran the test fifteen times for each shape. In the end I found that a shape that has low surface area and sharp edges could deflect and avoid the light most efficiently.

Project Title	Maximizing the Strength to Weight Ratio of a Pneumatic Artificial Muscle
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0705
Student Name	Alexa Bertagnolli
Abstract	I chose my project because I had read an article in Make Magazine about pneumatic robots. Further research into pneumatic artificial muscles showed that they have incredibly high strength to weight ratios, so I wanted to try and find out what makes the strongest muscle. I maximized the strength to weight ratio by testing different factors. I used a Design of Experiments to test the interactions between the different factors that contribute to the strength to weight ratio. A Design of Experiments helps to create the optimal design while minimizing error. Each muscle had a different combination of the factors tube length (15-50 cm), tube diameter (0.9525-1.27), and air pressure (206.9-413.7 kPa). I tested 24 muscles. I attached the muscles to a beam scale and used a weight to determine the total strength. After collecting initial data, I used software called JMP to help model my findings. I found that air pressure and tube length were the most important factors in determining strength to weight ratio. Because of this, I was able to determine that the longest length, the highest air pressure, and the smallest tube diameter had the highest strength to weight ratio. Five more test runs verified that this was the optimal design. This information on pneumatic artificial muscles is important as well as applicable in the field of robotics and some areas of medicine

Project Title	Aerodynamic Affects on Different Shaped Buildings
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0706
Student Name	Cindy Giang
Abstract	Question: How do different shapes of building such as circular, triangular and square are affected when it is place in an aerodynamic machine to test for the force and speed? How can I determine the force that is going to be strained on the building forehand? Hypothesis: If the cylinder structure is built with enough mass to give accurate data then it would use the most amount force for structure to move because the wind is going to bend around the structure which will cause the model to be stable and not move like rectangular or triangular prism. Procedures: 1. Build a cylinder, rectangular prism, and triangular prism building. 2. Build a wind tunnel. 3. Attach force sensor, anemometer, and box fan in/onto wind tunnel. 4. Gently attach each individual model into the wind tunnel. Turn on the box fan and record data on a LabQuest. Conclusion: Due to the limited data cylinder and rectangular shaped buildings has the best stability. Triangular prism on the other hand didn’t have a constant rate. This project could of improve by adding more stability onto the building, having a better strength wind tunnel, and having the same amount of mass on each buildings. There are too many flaws in this experiment itself therefore most of the data collected isn’t accurate enough for the usage of a real life engineer.

Project Title	A Study of Airflows Over Rockets
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0707
Student Name	John Horton
Abstract	My purpose is to find out what makes a rocket with a dimpled nose cone but a smooth body more effective than one that is completely dimpled. My speculation was that dimples on the surface produce a shield of turbulent air, so as the rocket travels, the friction is air on air instead of air on plastic. On the body, I thought that the dimples produced a very large turbulent layer that produces an enormous wake. To see what was happening, I decided to build a wind tunnel. Although it took a while to end up with a working design, I was able to see what air did on the surface of the rocket. The air speed was unknown, since I lacked proper measuring equipment. Model airplane propellers formed a vacuum to move the air, and dry ice smoke allowed me to take photographs, to see what was happening. From what I saw, it seemed that my hypothesis was correct. Where there were dimples, the air was rougher, but didn’t stay as close to the rocket. On the smooth parts, it adhered very well, but that would have also meant there was more friction on the surface. It would seem that my hypothesis was correct. You either have a choice between turbulence, and a larger wake, or a smoother flow and more friction. If the body of a rocket was only partially dimpled, with more at the top than the bottom, I think the happy medium would be reached.

Project Title	Clear Water the Green Way
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0708
Student Name	Stephanie 'Stevie' Marston Stephanie 'Stevie' Marston
Abstract	The people in many small villages in Mexico, as well as other countries, often have to depend on pond water and rivers to get their drinking water. Projects by humanitarian groups have often built simple sand filters from earth friendly materials on hand for these people to use to filter their water. Yet infant mortality rates are still high due to unsafe drinking water. The people do not control the quality of the water in the ponds and rivers. The rivers and streams are often used to bathe in or pour waste into. Therefore, is the sand filter misleading people into thinking their filtered water is safe to drink regardless of the water they put into the filter? I built a simple sand filter to determine if the clarity of the filtered water was affected by the percent solids in the water going into the filter. I ran a series of filtration tests on simulated or collected spring, winter and pond water. Test results showed that the pond water had the least amount of solids going into the sand filter yet had the worst visible filtered water clarity and flow rates. The spring water with a higher percent of solids going into the filter had visible clear filtered water and the fastest flow rates. Therefore, I concluded that a simple sand filter cannot provide clear, filtered water regardless of the water source.

Project Title	Sol-y Motors: An Alternative Construction of a Solenoid Motor
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0709
Student Name	Seth Mason
Abstract	The creation and establishment of the Electric Motor began first in 1821 when Michael Faraday first discovered mechanical motion through the use of electric current and a permanent magnet. Further developments led to the construction of all varieties of electric motors varying their input electricity and overall design. There are many applications for electric motors including watches, fans, vacuums, printers, drills, cars, and hundreds of others used in everyday utilities and conveniences. November 2011 led to the construction of yet another motor. This open ended solenoid construction combined positioning and timing to create mechanical motion in a circular projection. Using offset solenoids and differing activation times the design of this motor is unique while combining various aspects of other electric motors. This motor is under the category of a universal motor because of the ability to feed DC or AC electricity into it and create motion. The style of motor currently is brushed with three solenoids. The design probably most closely resembles a rotary solenoid except that there is no armature to hold the plunger in place leaving it free to navigate entirely through the solenoid. There are three solenoids set up in succession and three plungers connected by a magnetically inert internal ring gear which travels through each of the solenoids. This ring gear is aligned with a spur gear connected to an output drive shaft. As correctly measured electricity is applied the ring gear moves circularly. This original implementation needs further developmental optimizations.

Project Title	Tones of Music
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0710
Student Name	Emma McCleery
Abstract	The objective of this project was to see if different types of resonance chambers would affect the tones of music. My hypothesis was that different types of resonance chambers would affect the tones of music. In order to conduct this experiment, I had to have knowledge of balsa wood, and, eventually, I needed a carpenter to help me build the boxes that I used as resonance chambers. Basically, in the beginning, I tried to cut out resonance chambers from balsa wood and glue them together. But, this wood was too fragile for the job I wanted to use it for. So, for the sake of time, I had two boxes of maple wood, one 12 x 20 and one 12 x 12, built by Chris Stanfield, a carpenter. Both boxes had a 4 x 4 hole on the top. After I had the boxes, I attached 2 bridges to each of the boxes and attached strings to them through the use of toning pegs. Then, I strummed each string on each chamber twice, and I recorded how long they resonated in seconds. I found that the shorter resonance chamber produced notes that resonated longer, but they were harder to achieve and quieter than the tones produced by the longer resonance chamber. So, the shape and acoustics of the resonance chambers manipulated the sound waves of the tones to make them sound different. Because of this experiment, people will understand that the different shapes of instruments affect how they sound.

Project Title	Feel The Heat
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0711
Student Name	Kendall McDougal 0 individual
Abstract	I wanted to see which type of window would best prevent the transfer of heat. My hypothesis was that if I put two 200-watt light bulbs inside a box made of 5 different types of windows (solarban grey, solarban 70 clear, bronze clear, solarban with argon gas, and a single pane-the control), the window with the argon gas would best block the heat. To start my project, I contacted several different window companies to ask for donations. When I spoke with Valley Glass, Salt Lake City, they graciously custom made and donated all 5 windows for this experiment. My next step was to build the box. I put the windows in a pentagon shape using silicone gel sealant. I used 2x4's for edge supports for the windows. Next I cut a base and roof, put light bulbs in the center, and mounted the windows. I placed a thermometer on the outside of each window to record the temperature changes. Third, I turned on the light bulbs for 90 minutes, checking and recording the temperature changes every 15 minutes. At the end of 90 minutes, I let the box rest for 24 hours and repeated the test 2 more times. After the tests were done, I concluded that my hypothesis was correct. The window with the argon gas did prevent the heat transfer the best. Surprisingly, the bronze window was the "worst

Project Title	Electrical Resistance
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0712
Student Name	Gabriel Saunders
Abstract	Electrical Resistance: I like to build things with wires and electrical circuits. I was curious to know if electricity ever lost power as it traveled through wire. My thought was that it did lose power, but in order to test my hypothesis, I would need to find a way to measure the electrical output of two different lengths of wire. I connected a light bulb to a battery source using two different lengths of wire”one length measured 65 feet; the other length measured only 2 feet. I used a toggle switch to alternate between the two different lengths of wire, so I was able to isolate the power coming from each length of wire to the light bulb. Several variances were observed while working with the two different lengths of wire. The first variance was resistance (the wire); the second variance was voltage (the battery). The results produced from these two variables could be displayed visually by simply looking at the light bulb at the end of each length of wire; however, I used an electronic voltmeter to get a more exact measurement to prove my hypothesis even further. My experiment was designed around a power supply of only three volts; unfortunately, my meter was only designed to capture higher voltages, so my meter readouts were not as precise as I would have preferred. Even so, based on the results of the data I collected, it was very obvious that electricity indeed loses power when it travels over long distances.

Project Title	Burning DVDs to Fight Piracy
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0713
Student Name	A.J. Payne Brian Petersen
Abstract	How can the piracy of videos be reduced, if not prevented? This was the question most prominent in our minds when we began to formulate an engineering project. Piracy has been a big concern in the media recently; however it has been a problem in America for a much longer time. 46% of Americans have participated in the illegal downloading of videos, and 2% of Americans are considered regular pirates. Studies show that pirates are willing to get their content through legal means if the content is reasonably priced and convenient. Steps have been made by companies such as RedBox and Netflix to make videos legally accessible, their approaches being widespread DVD rental and on-demand streaming, respectively. However, there has never been a system developed that can provide a wide selection of DVDs to the public legally and quickly. We propose that by developing such a system, piracy can be reduced significantly. Our solution is a machine that burns requested videos to rewriteable DVDs and rents those DVDs to the consumer. These burning machines will be widespread (similar to RedBox), but instead of each machine containing 10 copies of 50 different videos each, it can contain any 500 videos. We have chosen to use the resources available to us, including laptops, servers, and DVD burners, to perform a demonstration of our concept. Through much research, formulating, designing, and building, we have come to the conclusion that it is possible to decrease piracy by providing a DVD rental service to the public that allows them to rent any video legally. We know that this system has a great potential and hope to see it aid in the fight against piracy in the not too distant future.

Project Title	Burning DVDs to Fight Piracy
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0713
Student Name	Brian Petersen A.J. Payne
Abstract	How can the piracy of videos be reduced, if not prevented? This was the question most prominent in our minds when we began to formulate an engineering project. Piracy has been a big concern in the media recently; however it has been a problem in America for a much longer time. 46% of Americans have participated in the illegal downloading of videos, and 2% of Americans are considered regular pirates. Studies show that pirates are willing to get their content through legal means if the content is reasonably priced and convenient. Steps have been made by companies such as RedBox and Netflix to make videos legally accessible, their approaches being widespread DVD rental and on-demand streaming, respectively. However, there has never been a system developed that can provide a wide selection of DVDs to the public legally and quickly. We propose that by developing such a system, piracy can be reduced significantly. Our solution is a machine that burns requested videos to rewriteable DVDs and rents those DVDs to the consumer. These burning machines will be widespread (similar to RedBox), but instead of each machine containing 10 copies of 50 different videos each, it can contain any 500 videos. We have chosen to use the resources available to us, including laptops, servers, and DVD burners, to perform a demonstration of our concept. Through much research, formulating, designing, and building, we have come to the conclusion that it is possible to decrease piracy by providing a DVD rental service to the public that allows them to rent any video legally. We know that this system has a great potential and hope to see it aid in the fight against piracy in the not too distant future.

Project Title	Micro-hydro Generation
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0714
Student Name	Kolten Preston
Abstract	I designed and built a small micro-hydro generator that would prove it is possible to create electrical energy from culinary water pipelines. All that I used were materials I found at a local hardware store to create my experiment. I got the idea from thinking about energy problems. I was thinking of sources of energy when I thought of water, and how a water wheel spins as water goes by. I then thought of different places water flows, and thought of how water is constantly running through the plumbing inside our houses. So that gave me the idea to place small turbines inside water lines to create energy. My hypothesis was that Micro-Hydro generators could be used in cities, or even in individual households. I proved that a Micro-Hydro generator can capture the energy in culinary water lines, irrigation lines (gray water) and even sewer lines. I proved that electricity created by the micro-hydro generator from the kinetic energy of flowing water could add to the electrical grid and decrease the amount of hydrocarbon fuel burned daily. And in my experiment I found that the amount of energy that can be captured is endless because I found that by adding more magnets, more wraps of wire, and increasing water flow, you can create more energy. I was able to generate 6.5 volts of electricity, but that could be increased much higher.

Project Title	Down the Drain
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0715
Student Name	Kaden Quinn
Abstract	The purpose of this experiment is to test the hydraulic efficiency of different shaped orifices. The experiment is hoped to reveal if different shapes drain water at different rates and show what those rates are. Shapes of the same area are cut into the bottom of buckets and the buckets are filled with 8 quarts of water. The water is released from the hole in the bottom. The time it takes for the water line to reach one quart is recorded. Each shape was tested ten times to increase the accuracy of the results. Out of circle, square, rectangle, triangle, rhombus shaped orifices, the circle was the most efficient. The average time of these shapes are as follows: Circle- 15.227 seconds; Square- 16.998 seconds; Rectangle- 16.321 seconds; Rhombus- 17.04 seconds; Triangle-17.648 seconds. As shown by the results, the circle drains a little over one second faster than the second most efficient shape.

Project Title	Paper Batteries
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0716
Student Name	Paisley Sandstrom
Abstract	Recently, everyone has been all about "going green" and finding better ways to produce energy. This is how I came up with the question of a better way of storing that energy. For example, batteries. So, I made batteries out of paper, water, copper wire, and graphite, which are all renewable sources. I wanted to make two designs of batteries and see which one would hold the most voltage. I took a food processor and blended together water and paper until it was the texture of cottage cheese and lined the bottom of a muffin tin molds. After that, I made two designs of graphite for the inside of the battery. One has a grid made of graphite, the other is a bundle of graphite that makes a rod. I then attached copper wire to each end of each battery and used more of my paper mixture to cover the top of the graphite. I let the batteries dry over night. I charged each battery for thirty minutes using a power source that I can plug directly into the wall. I then used a volt meter to record how many volts each battery had. I recorded the data and found that the rod batteries charged the best.

Project Title	Human Airfoil
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0717
Student Name	Kacen Moody
Abstract	As the world moves forward and technology increases, the importance of human rapidity in nearly all parts of life is going to become more and more important. As an engineering project I decided that I would look at the plausibility and possibility of an airfoil that is proportionally fitted to a human that will allow a human to fly alone similar to the design and utilization of Yves Rossy. So in brief, I measured a trainer plane at an airport, performed various proportions and then designed and built an aluminum wing that is proportional to me so as to allow me to fly.

Project Title	THe effects of mass dampening on a building
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0718
Student Name	Matthew Wager
Abstract	My project was really fun, what I did was I built a building and I created a pendulum, to test how the effects of certain types of passive mass dampening on my building. I created a platform that I set my building on and I shook the platform to simulate an earthquake. To measure how well my dampening worked I put a cup on top and timed it to see how long it took to fall off. I tested two different types of passive mass dampening, one was base isolation, and the other was the pendulum that i talked about earlier. I had two different weights of the pendulum to test a variety and to see what would work best. With my findings I found that with the pendulum the cup to longer to fall off than the control, when I put a heavier pendulum on it fell faster because of unwanted movement. When I tested base isolation it was better than the pendulum by it self, so I decided to combine the two of them. With both the pendulum, and base isolation the improvement was drastic. I would apply this to earthquake prone city's and make buildings safer and save lives in the process.

Project Title	Truss It Up
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0719
Student Name	Joshua White
Abstract	I got interested in this project from a Pre-Engineering class last year. For one of our activities, we had to build a bridge within certain dimensions and with only the materials given. I utilized the K truss for my bridge and it did quite well. However, I had used so much glue and wood that it had a low efficiency score. After that, I wondered which truss was not only the strongest, but also the most efficient. I know that engineers are always looking for cost-effective ways to build and construct things. So, for this project, I tested the four main kinds of bridge trusses (Warren, K, Pratt, and Howe) for their overall efficiency. I believed that the K truss would be the most efficient. This would be found using five variables: mass, strength, deflection, the efficiency ratio (load/mass), and a deflection ratio ((load/deflection)/mass) that tested stiffness. Constant variables were the 0.25 basswood, gussets on all the major joints, equal span/depth ratios, testing the same point on the truss with a Universal Testing Machine, and using the same base blocks for support. I built and ran a pre-test set to learn how they would work with the machine and work out any obvious flaws. I then built five of each truss to ensure the results had a high level of accuracy. After testing, results showed that the Howe truss did the best in all of the tests performed. My hypothesis was proved wrong; the Howe truss is the most efficient.

Project Title	Electromagnets
Category	Secondary: Engineering
Table Number	H0720
Student Name	Irvin Mendoza
Abstract	In my experiment, I hope to build an elevator using magnetic levitation. I have always believed that magnets have many more possible applications in common things, so I decided to see if I could achieve this. I believe that if this is successful, it could be applied to elevators everywhere as a faster and more convenient way for getting around a building. At first I thought that I could make a magnetic elevator using permanent magnets. This, however, put a problem before me. In the middle of my project I realized that using permanent magnets would not work, as there is no way to turn them off. At this realization, I decided to use electromagnets, which can be turned on and off. My results were disappointing to say the least. I could not get the electromagnets to repel other magnets. It had a strong pull, put no repulsion whatsoever. I don’t know for sure, but I have a theory as to why it did not work. Every electromagnet has an iron core. Even if placed so that the same poles are facing each other, because the iron is naturally attracted to the magnet, it cancels out any repulsion. So, I concluded that I could not build an electromagnet. Not only that, but considering the difficulty of building even a small scale one, I hardly believe that it would be practical at all.

Secondary: Environmental Science

Project Title	Snow pHlakes
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0801
Student Name	Kaitlyn Smith Brinnlie Harward
Abstract	Believe it or not, pH is more important than one would think. When we heard our teacher mention pH last year, we decided it would be beneficial to learn about pH and how it affects the world we live in. Living near the mountains it gave us the perfect opportunity to experiment with snow. This year we did a continuation of our project last year in which we tested the pH level of snow at different elevations to see if there was a connection between elevation and the pH level. For our continuation, our testing was to determine if there was any specific correlation between different snowfalls in the Wasatch Mountains. The first snowfall had a pH level of 7.67, the second 7.65, and the third 7.4. The results from our testing showed that the pH levels are considered to be alkaline as opposed to being acidic. We also noticed that the three different snowfalls had the same pattern of the pH levels rising and falling. The testing showed that the pH levels would start off at a pH level of about seven and then would gradually rise higher with each elevation. At a certain elevation the pH level would peak and then start to descend. Each snowfall showed this pattern but the peak for each was not at the same elevation. We concluded that there are similarities in the pH levels of the snow even though at each elevation the pH levels may not have been the same.

Project Title	Snow pHlakes
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0801
Student Name	Brinnlie Harward Kaitlyn Smith
Abstract	Believe it or not, pH is more important than one would think. It is in everything from our food, to our blood. We heard our teacher mention pH last year, we decided it would be beneficial to learn about pH and how it affects the world we live in. Living near the mountains it gave us the perfect opportunity to experiment with snow. This year we did a continuation on our project last year in which we tested the pH level of snow at different elevations to see if there was a connection between elevation and the pH level. For our continuation, our testing was to determine if there was any specific correlation between three different snowfalls in the Wasatch Mountains. These pH levels are considered to be alkaline as opposed to being acidic, which may be caused by minerals in that mix in with the snow. We also noticed that the three different snowfalls had the same pattern of the pH levels rising and falling. The testing showed that the pH levels would start off at a pH level of about seven and then would gradually rise higher with each elevation. At a certain elevation the pH level would peak and then start to descend. Each snowfall showed this pattern but the peak for each was not at the same elevation. We concluded that there are similarities in the pH levels of the snow even though at each elevation the pH levels may not have been the same.

Project Title	Dust Particles Increase the Rate of Evaporation on Glaciers
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0802
Student Name	Mitchell Clements
Abstract	Scientific journals show that a thin layer of dust known as respirable particles are transported by wind and deposited onto glaciers. The dark color of the dust traps heat and compels glaciers to melt faster, thus contributing to worldwide flooding. I wanted to know if these respirable particles have a significant effect on the melting rate of glaciers. I modeled this occurrence by placing dust particles on ice blocks representing glaciers, and measured the rate of the ice blocks melting over a period of time. I discovered that there is a certain ratio of dust to ice that will maximize the rate of melting on a glacier. However if the ratio is to high, then the dust particles insulate the glacier. This confirms that dust particles deposited on glaciers can have devastating effects on sea levels rising, and putting many countries in the world at risk of global flooding.

Project Title	Applications of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Filtering Benzene
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0803
Student Name	Kayson Conlin
Abstract	Applications of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Filtering Benzene Kayson Conlin Wasatch High School In recent years, the practice of hydraulic fracturing has seen a dramatic increase in popularity. This method of collecting natural gas has the potential to provide hundreds of years’ worth of energy, but it lacks in safety, raising public concern. The goal of my project is to test whether it is feasible to improve on current filtering methods using nanotechnology. It is my theory that Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes, due to their structure, would be more effective at filtering benzene from backflow of fracking fluid. To test this theory a small fuel filter was packed with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Water was then dyed pink and run through the filter. Hexane was added to the dyed water in a concentration of 10% and run through the filter. This process was repeated with benzene and diesel fuel, both in concentrations of 10%. The fluids were then collected and analyzed using a mass spectrometer. Although final conclusions cannot be drawn until the results from the mass spectrometry are finalized, visual analysis indicates that the filtering was successful in removing hazardous chemicals. Incorporating nanotechnology into the fuel industry could bring benefits to both oil companies and the general public, allowing oil companies to harvest unconventional energy while keeping our drinking water uncontaminated and safe.

Project Title	Extracting and Identifying Unkown Bacteria from Birdsfoot Trefoil and Bluebunch Wheatgrass Root Nodules and Attempting to Induce Them to Form a Symbiotic Relationship with Alfalfa
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0804
Student Name	Hannah Dunn Kate Elsey Lauren Wilson
Abstract	In our project, we attempted to extract unknown bacteria from two plants, Birdsfoot Trefoil and Bluebunch Wheatgrass, and induce them to form a symbiotic relationship with alfalfa. According to research, we thought that it wasn't possible, but we wanted to test it. If successful, we would show that bacteria extracted from another plant could still form a relationship with alfalfa. Also, if the bacteria wasn't Sinorhizobium meliloti or Sinorhizobium medicae, the two bacteria associated with alfalfa, we could prove that additional bacteria could form a symbiotic relationship with alfalfa. Since alfalfa is a vital part of food production, these possible findings could help in the food production industries. We surface sterilized the root nodules, crushed them and plated the bacteria to grow more bacteria to work with. While the bacteria incubated, we planted germinating alfalfa seeds in cone-tainers filled with sterile gravel. After a few days, we used some of the plated bacteria to inoculate the alfalfa. After five weeks of growth, we tapped out the plants and observed that most plants had formed nodules. Using the same techniques at the start, we sterilized and plated the nodule bacteria. We then went through the process of gel electrophoresis. We safely prepared an agarose gel and loaded dyed unknown bacteria that had been PCRed. We ran the gel for twenty minutes and observed the gel under a UV light. Our results showed that one test of bacteria extracted for Birdsfoot Trefoil is identified as S. medicae. The other bacteria remain unknown.

Project Title	Extracting and Identifying Unkown Bacteria from Birdsfoot Trefoil and Bluebunch Wheatgrass Root Nodules and Attempting to Induce Them to Form a Symbiotic Relationship with Alfalfa
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0804
Student Name	Kate Elsey Hanh Dunn Lauren Wilson
Abstract	In our project, we attempted to extract unknown bacteria from two plants, Birdsfoot Trefoil and Bluebunch Wheatgrass, and induce them to form a symbiotic relationship with alfalfa. According to research, we thought that it wasn't possible, but we wanted to test it. If successful, we would show that bacteria extracted from another plant could still form a relationship with alfalfa. Also, if the bacteria wasn't Sinorhizobium meliloti or Sinorhizobium medicae, the two bacteria associated with alfalfa, we could prove that additional bacteria could form a symbiotic relationship with alfalfa. Since alfalfa is a vital part of food production, these possible findings could help in the food production industries. We surface sterilized the root nodules, crushed them and plated the bacteria to grow more bacteria to work with. While the bacteria incubated, we planted germinating alfalfa seeds in cone-tainers filled with sterile gravel. After a few days, we used some of the plated bacteria to inoculate the alfalfa. After five weeks of growth, we tapped out the plants and observed that most plants had formed nodules. Using the same techniques at the start, we sterilized and plated the nodule bacteria. We then went through the process of gel electrophoresis. We safely prepared an agarose gel and loaded dyed unknown bacteria that had been PCRed. We ran the gel for twenty minutes and observed the gel under a UV light. Our results showed that one test of bacteria extracted for Birdsfoot Trefoil is identified as S. medicae. The other bacteria remain unknown.

Project Title	Extracting and Identifying Unkown Bacteria from Birdsfoot Trefoil and Bluebunch Wheatgrass Root Nodules and Attempting to Induce Them to Form a Symbiotic Relationship with Alfalfa
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0804
Student Name	Lauren Wilson Hanh Dunn Kate Elsey
Abstract	In our project, we attempted to extract unknown bacteria from two plants, Birdsfoot Trefoil and Bluebunch Wheatgrass, and induce them to form a symbiotic relationship with alfalfa. According to research, we thought that it wasn't possible, but we wanted to test it. If successful, we would show that bacteria extracted from another plant could still form a relationship with alfalfa. Also, if the bacteria wasn't Sinorhizobium meliloti or Sinorhizobium medicae, the two bacteria associated with alfalfa, we could prove that additional bacteria could form a symbiotic relationship with alfalfa. Since alfalfa is a vital part of food production, these possible findings could help in the food production industries. We surface sterilized the root nodules, crushed them and plated the bacteria to grow more bacteria to work with. While the bacteria incubated, we planted germinating alfalfa seeds in cone-tainers filled with sterile gravel. After a few days, we used some of the plated bacteria to inoculate the alfalfa. After five weeks of growth, we tapped out the plants and observed that most plants had formed nodules. Using the same techniques at the start, we sterilized and plated the nodule bacteria. We then went through the process of gel electrophoresis. We safely prepared an agarose gel and loaded dyed unknown bacteria that had been PCRed. We ran the gel for twenty minutes and observed the gel under a UV light. Our results showed that one test of bacteria extracted for Birdsfoot Trefoil is identified as S. medicae. The other bacteria remain unknown

Project Title	The Affect of Cloud Cover and UV Index on Solar Panels
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0805
Student Name	Bailey Fruit
Abstract	For my project I tested the affect of cloud cover and UV index on the production of energy by solar panels. I researched solar panels to find where they got their energy. I knew it was from the sun, but I needed to know more specifically what made the output higher or lower. Everything I found mentioned the UV index. I thought that cloud cover and UV index would directly affect the energy produced by the solar panels. My hypothesis was: when there was a lot of cloud cover and a low UV index the production of energy would be low, but when there was a high UV index and little to no cloud cover that the production of energy would be high. I used a website that had a gauge which monitored the production of energy from solar panels on my dad’s business in Orem. I collected the percentage of cloud cover and the UV index daily for Orem on another website. I recorded the cloud cover and UV index hourly from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. After I had done this for two weeks, I chose six of the days I had recorded and printed off the graphs that showed the production of energy for those days. I then graphed the UV index in pink and the percent of cloud cover in purple for these days and looked for any correlation between the three graphs. To my surprise I found no correlation. Sometimes the UV index would go up, and the cloud cover would go down, and the energy produced by the solar panels would go down, which is the opposite from what I hypothesized. It was really interesting to find out that neither of these things had a significant correlation with the solar panels.

Project Title	Little Efforts Save a Ton
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0806
Student Name	Halah Khan
Abstract	I took 10-15 families and measured their output (weighing) of garbage over 3 weeks. First week is the control and you measure just garbage, second week recycling is added to the waste distribution. Finally, the third weeks includes a waste distribution of landfill, recycle, and compost. Basically, the idea behind this project was to see how the distribution of waste effected how much waste actually went to the landfill. I created an easy packet for the families to fill out over the 3 week course. After concluding all of the data together from the families, I discovered that recycling had a huge impact on the amount of waste that went to the landfill weekly, compost on the other hand didn’t have huge effect as recycling. It could have been because not quite as many families participated as heavily as they did in the first two weeks in the third week. In the end the families as a whole ended up saving about four metric tons of waste. This project displays how much of an effect we have on our environment and that we can actual change our ways within our own household to make a difference in the environment.

Project Title	Paper Strength
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0807
Student Name	Nicole Kohlert
Abstract	Introduction I picked this project because I was trying to find paper at my house, and I began wondering which household materials make the strongest paper. Making paper interested me, so I incorporated homemade paper into an experiment. It knew it would be a fun hands-on project that would keep me motivated. It also showed that there are alternative sources of paper that can be made at home. Hypothesis I thought that the denim paper would be the strongest because it had largest strands of fiber when compared to the recycled paper and the lint paper. Procedures First I made two 5 X 7-inch forms using picture frames and window screen. Then, I made pulp from recycled paper, lint, and denim by cutting the material into small pieces, soaking it for several days, then blending it in my mother’s BlendtecÂ® blender. Finally, I made paper from the pulp by pouring the pulp into the mold, then allowing the water to drain and the pulp to dry. To test the paper strength, I placed the ends of the paper in two rubber-lined clamps, and used a luggage scale to pull one of the clamps until the paper broke. I tested each type of paper three times. Conclusion The strongest home-made paper was the recycled paper; however, factory-made lined paper stronger than any of the home-made papers.

Project Title	Lowering Hydrocarbons with Octane
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0808
Student Name	Kellie Leavitt
Abstract	Lowering hydrocarbons with octane refers to reducing the amount of unburned gasoline particles emitted from a vehicle by adding octane to the gasoline in the vehicle. I wondered if it was possible to get better emission results by having a higher octane rating or by manually adding octane to gasoline. I tested the two cheapest gas grades, which are Unleaded and Midgrade. I also used an octane boost that can be bought almost anywhere. I used the emission tester at the local Big O Tires to test each grade of gas. I then added a boost of octane to each grade and performed the test once again. The vehicle used does not require a state emission test because it is an off-road vehicle and was used because of the ease of emptying the gasoline tank. In between each test my dad and uncle helped me empty the gas tank to use up any leftover gasoline in the tank. I tried the two grades of gas and added a boost to each one for a separate test. I filled the tank up, inserted the probe into the exhaust pipe, and waited for the emission tester to calculate an average. I then printed the readings out and wrote down which gasoline was used for that particular test on the paper. From the results I learned that more octane greatly reduces the amount of hydrocarbons emitted from the vehicle.

Project Title	Studying the effects of ocean acidification on the bioluminescence of the marine dinoflagellate Pyrocystis fusiformis
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0809
Student Name	Jordan Llewellyn
Abstract	As global carbon dioxide levels increase, both in the atmosphere and the ocean, the ocean becomes increasingly acidic, potential affecting a number of organisms, such as Pyrocystis fusiformis. P fusiformis is a marine dinoflagellate that is capable of producing bioluminescence. As dinoflagellates are a major component of photosynthetic algae, anything that affects them will affect the rest of the marine food chain. My research focused on studying the effects of pH change on the ability of P. fusiformis to bioluminesce, which would be indicative of their fitness and survival rate. The bioluminescence of P. fusiformis is hypothesized to be a defense mechanism against primary consumers, their natural predators. Consequently, any negative impact upon their ability to bioluminesce would impact the survival of P. fusiformis. I tested the effects of varying pH levels both above and below the initial level. I adjusted the pH levels of six tubes containing P. fusiformis using a series of buffers, and left a seventh tube unaltered to serve as the control. I then recorded any change in their bioluminescence using a scale from one to twenty. This was continued over a period of seven days, until all the tubes, including the control, died off. My results showed that even a pH change of .3 severely impacted their ability to bioluminesce, with the effect increasing with increasing magnitude of the change. Consequently, small changes in oceanic pH may severely impact these organisms and other forms of algae. This, in turn, would alter the entire marine ecosystem.

Project Title	H2 Whoa
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0810
Student Name	Kylie Major
Abstract	I started my science fair project wondering if the water we drink is clean? I had been recently learning the nutritional value water has to the human body. It is important to have clean water available to everyone. I started my project by collecting different drinking water samples. I got several different brands of bottled water; water from different tap water locations; filtered tap water; and a sample from the Uinta Mountains. I then inoculated Petri dishes with these different samples and observed them for 9 days. Every tap water sample grew bacteria along with the sample from the mountains. However, the filtered tap water sample did not grow. There were minor signs of growth on a few of the bottled water, which can be attributed to being contaminated in the bottling process or the inoculation process. My projects shows that we need to look at the way be purify our cities water and find ways to improve in the future.

Project Title	Acidic Water Neutralization
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0811
Student Name	Nicole Murdock
Abstract	The problem statement of the experiment was: What natural materials will neutralize acidic water the most? The hypothesis of the experiment was: If 2 liters of pH4.0 water are filtered through sand, 1000cc of wood ashes, and gravel, then the water's acidity will be reduced at least 1 point more than a control filter with only sand and gravel. Six filters were made with 250cc of pea gravel and 500cc of sand. The control of the experiment was a filter with pea gravel and sand. The other five filters each had pea gravel and sand as well as 1000cc of the following variables: wood ashes, pine shavings, pine needles, mulched leaves, and crushed limestone. The filters had a total of sixty experiments. 2 liters of pH4.0 water were poured through each of the filters. On the control filter, the average pH level of the water was 5.75. On the wood ashes filter, the average pH level was 11.65. On the pine shavings filter, the average pH level was 5.5. On the pine needles filter, the average pH level was 6. On the mulched leaves filter, the average pH level was 5.8. On the mulched leaves filter, the average pH level was 6. On the crushed limestone filter, the average pH level was 6.5. This experiment could benefit the environment and the lives of people suffering in areas with acid rain. Wood ashes are inexpensive, easy to obtain, and are very effective in neutralizing acidic water.

Project Title	Defeating The Dead Zone
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0812
Student Name	Taylor Murdock
Abstract	Recent oil spills have demonstrated the inadequacy of oil clean up procedures. Although useful, we questioned the effectiveness of using oil-consuming microbes to clean the BP oil spill due to their high metabolisms. Oil-eating microbes rapidly begin breakdown of the oil, and are the only method of degrading heavier, deep-floating oils. In the process, however, they leave large dead zones of oxygen-depleted water. While substantially better than oil, the oxygen-depleted zones still present a problem. Their areas are immense and take time to recover, all the while destroying local marine life. The goal of our study is to see if freshwater environments can sustain oil-eating microbes because of their heavier plant growth and turbulent water. These factors should provide sufficiently oxygenated water that will "defeat the dead zone."" Our first tests evaluated the oxygen consumption of microbes in closed freshwater circuits. We looked for a microbe that had high metabolic rates

Project Title	Defeating The Dead Zone
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0812
Student Name	Parker Lee Nielson
Abstract	Recent oil spills have demonstrated the inadequacy of oil clean up procedures. Although useful, we questioned the effectiveness of using oil-consuming microbes to clean the BP oil spill due to their high metabolisms. Oil-eating microbes rapidly begin breakdown of the oil, and are the only method of degrading heavier, deep-floating oils. In the process, however, they leave large dead zones of oxygen-depleted water. While substantially better than oil, the oxygen-depleted zones still present a problem. Their areas are immense and take time to recover, all the while destroying local marine life. The goal of our study is to see if freshwater environments can sustain oil-eating microbes because of their heavier plant growth and turbulent water. These factors should provide sufficiently oxygenated water that will "defeat the dead zone."" Our first tests evaluated the oxygen consumption of microbes in closed freshwater circuits. We looked for a microbe that had high metabolic rates

Project Title	Here Comes the Sun
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0813
Student Name	Savanah Tiffany
Abstract	Solar energy is an environmentally friendly and (in the long run) very cost-efficient way of producing electricity. Being familiar with the rising level of pollution, though, I wondered if pollution could affect the amount of solar energy able to be produced. This project tests the efficiency of solar panels in different levels of pollution. I put the solar panel out in a sunny spot on my porch at 4PM every day for about a month and measured the amount of solar energy produced with a voltmeter. I also kept track of the ozone and PM2.5, or particle matter, in the air daily. The experimental results proved my hypothesis by showing that even though PM2.5 wasn’t proven to have a relative effect, ozone reduced the amount of solar energy produced. Money needs to be invested into reducing pollutant levels on a global basis, in order to maximize the efficiency of solar energy.

Project Title	Jordan River Water Quality
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0814
Student Name	Robyn Van Valkenburg
Abstract	The Jordan River is a beautiful river that runs directly through towns and cities that easily pollute it. I tested the Jordan River water quality in three different locations: Lehi, Bluffdale, and Riverton. I originally chose these areas to view any trends that follow the river as we move from agricultural areas to urban areas. I tested them on conductivity, pH, nitrate, and nitrite levels. I found no significant trends in pH, nitrate, and nitrite levels. The conductivity, however, was very high in December, and slowly leveled off as the winter months went on. I decided this must be because of the change in weather and decided to test the river right after a snowstorm to see if there was a significant spike in conductivity levels because of the significant amounts of ice melt dumped on the roads. Finally, there was a snowstorm on February second and I tested areas along the Jordan River. I found normal and safe levels in each area that I tested. This disproved my hypothesis that the ice melt was a significant factor on the conductivity of the Jordan River. I decided this was because large amounts of precipitation are also being added to the river during a storm, and the water is easily able to recycle the dissolved salts.

Project Title	Oil Abosrbers
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0815
Student Name	Alisa Western
Abstract	When the big oil spill happened off the gulf coast in 2010 it had a large impact on the environment and I became interested in how such a disaster could be cleaned safely bringing balance back to the ocean. I was very interested to hear news reports that the scientists sample readings were at times lowers than expected. Where did the oil go? So this year I was curious as to if the algae in the ocean could help get rid of the oil by absorbing it or degrading it. I hypothesized that the algae would absorb the oil. In the experiment I grew 3 different types of algae, red, green, and brown for 10 days in 1 liter of distilled water. I then added 340 mL of the algae to a plastic cup with 10mL of crude oil. For the control only 340 mL of distilled water and the oil was used. Then for 15 days I would measure each cup in grams to see if the oil while being absorbed was losing any weight. After the 15 days of trail of measuring the weight, the control group lost 7.6 grams, the red algae group lost 11.6 grams, the green algae group lost 11.6 grams (similar to the red algae), and that the brown algae lost 10.6 grams. So overall all of the cups lost some weight but whether or not it was the oil being absorbed that lessened the weight is unknown.

Project Title	Slow the Roll..of Soil: The Effects of Erosion Control on Soil Loss
Category	Secondary: Environmental Science
Table Number	H0816
Student Name	Taylor Johnson Decker Nielson
Abstract	Every homeowner is faced with the problem of what to do with their landscape. Finding an option that allows them to have a decorative space as well as maintain their soil is important. Our agriscience fair project is based on soil loss using different methods of erosion control measures. We tested four different types of soil erosion control methods: rubber mulch, straw, rocks, and ground cloth. First we worked to gather our materials and prepare containers with the same type and amount of soil. We next put each erosion control method over the soil using the recommendations on the bag. A control experiment using just bare soil was also set up. Rain was simulated and the runoff from each soil sample was collected. After twice filtering the water the amount of soil that was in the runoff was weighed. The test was repeated twice. After analyzing the data it was determined that any method of erosion control gave us 10 times less loss than bare soil alone. It was also determined that using rubber mulch would contribute to the least amount of soil loss. Therefore we suggest using rubber mulch or even wood mulch at the recommended settings. This is also the most decorative and would be the best method for a homeowner to use.

Secondary: Mathematics

Project Title	The Generation and Analysis of Gaussian Pythagorean Triples
Category	Secondary: Mathematics
Table Number	H0901
Student Name	Grant Esser
Abstract	An Analysis of Gaussian Pythagorean Triples Pythagoras, a famous philosopher and mathematician, proved a relation among the three sides of a right triangle known as the Pythagorean Theorem. In terms of length, the theorem may be written as: a^2+b^2=c^2 A Pythagorean triple is a set of integers a,b,c that satisfy this equation. One such example is the triple 3,4,5. Another is 5,12,13. Traditionally, analysis of Pythagorean triples has been restricted to the integer domain Z. However, we can expand the concept of Pythagorean triples into the domain of Gaussian integers Z[i]. The Gaussian integer domain is defined by Z[i]={ a+bi ?\| a,b?Z } where a and b are integers and i is the ?(-1). Examples of Gaussian integers are 2+3i, -1+i, -7+9i, and so on. Likewise, sets of Gaussian integers ?,?,? that satisfy the equation ?^2+?Â²=?Â² are called Gaussian Pythagorean triples. We will call these GTPs. This project focuses on generating Gaussian integers that satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem. We will also investigate generating Primitive GPTs, (PGPTs), where ?,?,? must be coprime in Z[i] which is defined as having no common factor except ?1,?i. Lastly, we will investigate the count of PGPTs for the N(?)?(5,50,100,500..) where N(?) is the norm function for a complex-number defined as aÂ²+bÂ².

Project Title	The Golden Ratio in Different Factors of Popular Music
Category	Secondary: Mathematics
Table Number	H0902
Student Name	Nathan Jepson
Abstract	Problem: Can the golden ratio (a number based on Fibonacci numbers (?.618/1.000)) be used to determine the factor that affects society’s general preferences of songs the most? (I.e., intervals, dynamics, rhythm, etc.) Independent variable: Factors of music (in this case: intervals (melodic), rhythm, and harmonic chords). Dependent variable: number of golden ratios each factor of music has in the portion of 15 songs measured. Hypothesis: intervals (melodic) will have the greatest number of golden ratios out of all factors of music. Summary of procedure: write the melody and chords (boxed above where they appear) of the first four measures (the antecedent phrases) of each of the 15 songs’ choruses on staff paper. Based on rhythmic value of notes, measures, and distance between notes (intervals), divide all of any given 2 lengths between every combination of any 3 points in each antecedent phrase (distance from point A to point B divided by the distance from A to C, or the distance of B to C divided by A to C, etc.) on a calculator, and if one or more quotients fall between .600-.636 (explained in project) for one combination, then one will be counted towards the total of golden ratios each factor of music has in each song. The hypothesis was correct; melodic intervals had an average of 6.1 golden ratios per song, and chords (harmonic intervals) had an average of 5.46, while rhythm only had an average 1.1. Based on this, it’s a very plausible assumption that melodic intervals affect society’s preferences of songs the most. This project can better help mankind identify the golden ratio in music, and to more fully understand a plausible factor that could make a song, or music in general, ˜sound’ good, based on these discoveries of how it’s also manifest in ratios of rhythmic and interval lengths.

Project Title	Liquid Light
Category	Secondary: Mathematics
Table Number	H0903
Student Name	Noah Jones Zachary Veach
Abstract	Measure light speed? That’s something from science fiction! It would probably take all kinds of fancy equipment to pull off! That’s what our reaction was at first too, but all you have to have is a calculator, a basic laser pointer, and some scrap wood. Snell’s law, or the law of refraction states that The ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equivalent to the ratio of phase velocities in the two media, or equivalent to the opposite ratio of the indices of refraction. We shone a green laser pointer through water, vegetable oil, soap, and gelatin at a forty-five degree angle. Then we measured the angle at which the light refracted, and plugged all those numbers into the formula with the speed of light, and found the velocity through the different substances. Our hypothesis was that the thicker and less fluid the substance, the slower the light would travel. Or in other words water would be fastest, then vegetable oil, soap and gelatin respectively. We were right except for on one respect. The vegetable oil slowed the light down the most. We aren’t exactly sure why, but if we were to do another experiment we would use various other oils as well, and try to figure it out. Another possibility for further experiments would be different flavors/colors of gelatin (we used lemon) to see if color made a difference. Our project was fun, and opened doors for many more experiments to come.

Project Title	Liquid Light
Category	Secondary: Mathematics
Table Number	H0903
Student Name	Zachary Veach Noah Jones
Abstract	Measure light speed? That’s something from science fiction! It would probably take all kinds of fancy equipment to pull off! That’s what our reaction was at first too, but all you have to have is a calculator, a basic laser pointer, and some scrap wood. Snell’s law, or the law of refraction states that The ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equivalent to the ratio of phase velocities in the two media, or equivalent to the opposite ratio of the indices of refraction. We shone a green laser pointer through water, vegetable oil, soap, and gelatin at a forty-five degree angle. Then we measured the angle at which the light refracted, and plugged all those numbers into the formula with the speed of light, and found the velocity through the different substances. Our hypothesis was that the thicker and less fluid the substance, the slower the light would travel. Or in other words water would be fastest, then vegetable oil, soap and gelatin respectively. We were right except for on one respect. The vegetable oil slowed the light down the most. We aren’t exactly sure why, but if we were to do another experiment we would use various other oils as well, and try to figure it out. Another possibility for further experiments would be different flavors/colors of gelatin (we used lemon) to see if color made a difference. Our project was fun, and opened doors for many more experiments to come.

Project Title	The Art of Crafting Functions
Category	Secondary: Mathematics
Table Number	H0904
Student Name	Elise Wright
Abstract	The purpose of my experiment was to show how changing a variable in a function changes its physical model, using hyperbolic crochet to illustrate this change. I chose to use hyperbolic crochet as it, with an increase of one stitch to a certain number, curls in a unique way. I created my test function, which is as follows: F(X) = ((X + 1)/X) ^ (n “ 1))*C X is the rate of increase, n is the number of rows, and C is the initial chain stitches. I proposed that as X decreased, the surface area of the coral pattern would increase- shown by a greater amount of curl. To test my hypothesis, I crocheted four different coral patterns, each with different X values. I used the same weight of yarn and crochet hook as constants. I accepted my hypothesis: as X got smaller in value, the surface area and curl of the coral pattern was bigger than one with a larger X. Each of the coral patterns show similar characteristics but unique shapes. I explored different ideas with the properties of crocheting functions, including summing the stitches with Sigma notation and alternating the rate of increase between rows to see the changes in the shape. Both of these showed distinctive changes to the coral pattern. Using the formula, I can also predict the stitch count in any row. As shown by the coral patterns, the change in a variable in a mathematical function affects the physical model of the function.

Secondary: Medicine & Health

Project Title	Natural Mosquite Repellant
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1001
Student Name	David Brown
Abstract	Our question was, "Can you make a mosquite repellant out of natural resources from Africa?" The reasoning for this experiment was because citizens in Africa get a disease called Malaria. According to the World Health Organization's estimate, Malaria kills one child every 30 seconds. They do not have any mosquito repellent to prevent it, so we thought maybe they could make their own out of their resources that are provided naturally. Our hypothesis was it is possible to make a mosquito repellent out of natural resources from Africa. We tested it by ordering mosquito larvae and raising them. Next, we found out what type of plants or natural resources repel mosquitos. Then we looked up African plants and based our recipe on what we found. To start our experiment, we ordered the Anopheles Mosquito. We kept the mosquito larvae in a container with water and netting for 3 1/2 weeks. Once all of the mosquitoes had hatched, we had four volunteers. Our participants were asked to put their hand in a jar of mosquitoes twice, each time for 10 minutes. They did this first with no repellent and then again with our homemade repellent. Our overall average was 15.5 times the mosquito would land in 10 minutes without the repellent and it bit 3.5 times. Our overall average was .25 times the mosquito would land in 10 minutes with our repellent and it bit .25 times.

Project Title	Comparison of Natural Cartilage Against Artificial Cartilage
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1003
Student Name	Khanh Cao
Abstract	With every movement, the body often uses the joints to do everyday actions, such as walking, the joints are slowly getting worn out, this happens even faster when the person often does harsh repetitive actions using the joint movement. There are also diseases that destroy these joints. These diseases start to break down and wear away the cartilage, a very essential element of using the bends in the legs, arms, and pretty much everywhere in the body. Cartilage is what allows the bones to glide against one another without causing pain, so when the cartilage starts wearing away, the joint begins to start becoming painful to use. So what’s the cure? Of course! It’s to replace the joint. So everyone’s heard of knee replacements right? So how great is the material used to replace the cartilage? Of course it can’t compare to the original, right? This experiment is to test that theory. How does human cartilage compare with manmade cartilage? To test this, human bones weren’t used, but instead animal bones. Sandpaper was used to simulate the wearing down of the joints.

Project Title	Sugar High
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1004
Student Name	Tyler Bell Chandler Helvey
Abstract	Our project was to determine which soda affects blood sugar levels the most within a 30 minute period. Our experiment was to identify 5 non-diabetic subjects, test their initial blood sugar level, and then have them drink 250 mL of the soda. After a 30 minute period, we tested the subjects a second time. Our results led us to further investigate the effect of caffeine on the blood sugar of the individuals. Caffeine brings the sugar into the blood stream faster, and also processes it faster, therefore rapidly increasing the blood sugar level after a short period of time, and also lowering the blood sugar level shortly thereafter. Our results show the raise in blood sugar levels as well as the crash in blood sugar levels with highly caffeinated drinks. These results can be used to help determine how best to regulate the blood sugar levels of individuals suffering from diabetes.

Project Title	Sugar High
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1004
Student Name	Chandler Helvey Tyler Bell
Abstract	Our project was to determine which soda affects blood sugar levels the most within a 30 minute period. Our experiment was to identify 5 non-diabetic subjects, test their initial blood sugar level, and then have them drink 250 mL of the soda. After a 30 minute period, we tested the subjects a second time. Our results led us to further investigate the effect of caffeine on the blood sugar of the individuals. Caffeine brings the sugar into the blood stream faster, and also processes it faster, therefore rapidly increasing the blood sugar level after a short period of time, and also lowering the blood sugar level shortly thereafter. Our results show the raise in blood sugar levels as well as the crash in blood sugar levels with highly caffeinated drinks. These results can be used to help determine how best to regulate the blood sugar levels of individuals suffering from diabetes.

Project Title	Aquagenic Palmar Keratoderma and Keratolysis: A New, Non-Invasive Marker for Cystic Fibrosis Mutation?
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1005
Student Name	John Cassler
Abstract	Cystic fibrosis is the most common genetic disease among Caucasians. Many states now require a blood test for CF, done at the time of birth. However, this testing is available primarily in developed countries. There is a significant population of CF infants born in less developed countries located primarily in the Middle East and India. There is a need for a non-invasive, low-tech method that will identify at-risk children, as these children will typically die before their first birthday unless treatment is commenced. I hypothesized that aquagenic properties such as the heightened keratoderma and keratolysis associated with CF might offer the most low-tech means of identifying persons at risk for having CFTR mutations. Using a sample of individuals both with and without CF (carriers and non-carriers), I tested the degree of aquagenic palmar change using four solutions: water, vinegar, a baking soda solution, and an alcohol-based gel. Two individuals scored each subject’s hand using a standard scale for three properties. I tested my hypotheses using ordinal statistical measures of association, such as chi-square, and found statistically significant differences between the hands of CF and non-CF subjects (using p<.05 as my standard). Furthermore, my results show that the most discriminatory solutions are water and baking soda in water. Indeed, I was able to correctly predict the genotype of an individual with an unknown genotype using this technique. Simple hand soaking, preferably using baking soda in water, is a viable technique for identifying children in poor countries at risk of having CF.

Project Title	Sealant Strength
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1006
Student Name	Josey Gardner
Abstract	The purpose of this project is to research the effectiveness of traditional versus non-traditional sealants. It demonstrates different kinds of wounds and ways to seal them, and expresses the common sealant and variations from it to measure which sealant is strongest. Types of wounds include incisions and puncture wounds. The sealant methods include cauterizing, suturing, stapling, super-gluing, duct taping, and using normal/standard bandaging (such as band aids). While showing whether the traditional or different sealant works best on the wounds, by using common items it can also be determined what works best in situations where advanced medical care is not available. For the puncture wounds, the average resistance capacity of the sutures was at least 14.52 pounds, while the average resistance capacity of the bandages was 4.73 pounds. The non-traditional sealant for this type of wound that worked best was the staples with a 30 pound average resistance capacity. For the incision wounds, the average resistance capacity of the stitches was 13.27 pounds; for super glue it was 12.37 pounds, and for the staples it was 12.33 pounds. The non-traditional sealant that competed most closely with these was the duct tape with a 9.06 pound average resistance capacity. This experiment indicates when strength is concerned, puncture wounds are best closed by sutures and staples. The necessary method is standard bandaging. Incision wounds can be held together best by sutures, staples, or super glue. However, super glue and duct tape are more convenient options that still withstand adequate amounts of resistance.

Project Title	Is Laughter the Best Medicine?
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1007
Student Name	Sabrina Davis Erin Williams
Abstract	We read an article that explained how mood affected pain, and we wondered if it had anything to do with blood pressure. We then tested twenty one people and tested there blood pressure and how they were affected in different moods,testing them mulitple times, while having them watch videos that were either depressing/sad or funny/happy, and testing them using an electric blood preassure cuff for more accuracy. while we tested them it had the Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure and it also had their heart rate listed when they were being tested. We found that when testing the participants most of their blood pressures lowered and when you have lower blood pressure when you feel pain it doesn't murt as much as it would if you would have had a high blood pressure. So we concluded by saying that being in a happier/better mood affects your blood pressure by lowering it and ultimatly beng healthier than you would be if you would have a higher blood pressure.

Project Title	Is Laughter The Best Medicine?
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1007
Student Name	Erin Williams
Abstract	The question investigated in our study was "How do changes in mood affect blood pressure in teenagers?"" We put together happy and sad video clips. As a control we tested everyone's resting blood pressure and pulse twice before they started watching

Project Title	Anchors Away Pt. 2: A Comparison Study of Metallic vs. Biodegradable Suture Anchors
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1008
Student Name	Connor Hines
Abstract	As biodegradable orthopedic hardware becomes increasingly common, it becomes more important than ever than to fully understand the biomechanical characteristics of each polymer in use. This includes not only static pullout strength and how the body reacts to any given polymer inserted into it, but also the characteristics a given polymer displays as it degrades over its advertised half-life. This project is intended to explore the latter of these characteristics. My topic of study was the rate of degradation of two different biodegradable polymers and titanium over the course of a 6-month simulated in-vivo trial period. My results showed very little change in the strength displayed at both the 0 and 3-month test intervals, while displaying very apparent degradation and loss of strength of both biodegradable polymers tested at the 6-month interval. The suture anchors I used in this study were constructed of PLLA/PGA (poly-L-lactic acid, Polyglycolic acid copolymer), PLLA/PLGA (poly-L-lactic acid, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid copolymer), and Titanium. In conclusion, I have found the advertised half-life of a biodegradable polymer very accurately describes that anchor’s useful life, as demonstrated by multiple tests conducted on an Instron Model 1331 Tensile Strength Testing Machine.

Project Title	Halo-Traction
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1009
Student Name	Gabrielle Hoyer
Abstract	How do the weights of the pulley system affect the change of the curvature of the spine? Procedure ¢Obtain spinal x-rays of child with scoliosis ¢Surgeon determines need for Halo-Traction ¢Medical consent form signed by parents of patient ¢Surgery performed by orthopaedic surgeon ¢Connect halo surgically to patient’s skull ¢(After patient is out of surgery) use bars, pulleys, and rope to form a pulley system ¢Connect short end of pulley system to patient’s halo with metal clasps ¢Add one pound increments to long end of pulley system ¢Monitor patient closely every two hours for possible spinal cord injury ¢After 3-6 weeks re-evaluate patient’s spine with x-ray I first determined the percentage of weight used on the pulley system compared to the weight of the patient. Secondly,I measured the percentage of curvature change. This was comparing the degree of the angle of the curvature before and after treatment. This project focused on Halo-Traction, a unique treatment for scoliosis. The results for this experiment were positive and the hypothesis for this project was proven correct. The weights of the pulley system decreased the curvature of the spine.

Project Title	Hair Strength
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1010
Student Name	Lauren Kohlert
Abstract	My project is on hair strength. I chose this topic because I wanted to see if the price reflected the quality of shampoo. The question I was trying to answer was ˜Which shampoo strengthens your hair the most?’. My hypothesis was that the Pantene Pro-VÂ® shampoo would make the hair the strongest. I was able to test this by using human hair extensions and washing them in three differently priced shampoos. I divided the hair into four groups, one was a control, one was washed in a low priced shampoo (SauvÃ©Â®), one in an average priced shampoo (Pantene Pro-VÂ®), and one in a high priced shampoo (One ˜N OnlyÂ®). All the groups were washed in the same: temperature of water, amount of water, amount of shampoo, and the length of time. After every five washes, I pulled hairs and tested the tensile strength of each using a spring scale. Once all the hairs were tested, I averaged the weights that they held. My data showed that the average priced shampoo produced the strongest hair, the high priced shampoo produced the second strongest hair, and the low priced shampoo produced the weakest hair. Therefore, the average priced shampoo (Pantene Pro-VÂ®) strengthens hair the most. This experiment could benefit any company that makes shampoo because they can manufacture the best product for the lowest price. This also could benefit consumers so they could be more knowledgeable on the product they are buying, and they can expect good results.

Project Title	Topical Application of a Nitric Oxide Releasing Acidified Nitrite Gel has Systemic Hemodynamic Effects
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1011
Student Name	Christian Minton
Abstract	Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common disorder with a progressive reduction in lower limb blood flow. Dysregulation of nitric oxide (NO) production (a vasodilator) in the endothelial lining of blood vessels is felt to be a major contributor. Current therapies to increase NO production have been unsuccessful. We hypothesized that topical applications of NO-releasing acidified nitrite gel would lead to systemic absorption of NO and hemodynamic changes including arterial dilation. A single volunteer, after signing an informed consent, was monitored for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, methemoglobin saturation, and tissue perfusion. Eight studies were performed using two different acidified nitrite gels, varying the site (chest, legs) and size of application area. All aforementioned variables were studied pre-application and post-application at 5 to 15 minute intervals until two hours post application. NO (ppm) kinetics from control gel and application sites was studied until both sites were dry. Results found topical application of both our NO-releasing acidified nitrite gels penetrated the skin and were absorbed into the blood vessels. There was a rapid and significant affect in systemic hemoglobin parameters such as systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures. Peripheral perfusion was increased (short term) indicating systemic vasodilation. Methemoglobin always remained in the safe range. These findings are suggestive that topical NO administration might provide an alternative to the current poorly tolerated treatments to treat the dysregulation of endothelial NO production seen in a wide range of cardiovascular disorders including PAD.

Project Title	Cellular Carcinoma Interventions
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1012
Student Name	Connor Northrup
Abstract	Cellular Carcinoma interventions I am very interested in cancer research and hope to become a biotechnologist doing cancer research. My project goal was to test DMSO, a known drug delivery vehicle, to see if it could be used to test possible cures for cancer. I first created a metastatic model by stimulating MDCK cells with HGF. I then applied DMSO to half of these cells to see if DMSO would have any affect on the model. If DMSO did affect the model then I would know that DMSO is not effective for testing possible cancer cures because it would interfere with the test results. By observing the actin network through fluorescence microscopy, I found that the cells with DMSO were identical to the HGF only cells. I concluded that DMSO would be an effective drug delivery vehicle for testing cancer cures. I would like to use this model to test fucoidan, a complex carbohydrate that has been found to suppress proliferation in cancer cells, to see if it can inhibit metastasis. I would do this by adding fucoidan to my model using DMSO. I would then look at the actin network within the cell using fluorescence and see if fucoidan stops the rearrangement of actin during metastasis. If fucoidan inhibits the actin from rearranging, this would show that fucoidan is an effective intervention for preventing and stopping metastasis. I could use this model to test other possible cancer interventions which could lead to the discovery of cancer cures.

Project Title	Fun In the Sun
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1013
Student Name	Ashley Southard
Abstract	This experiment was designed to test the effectiveness of sunscreen SPFs by exposing yeast in Petri dishes (a simulation of human skin cells) to UV light while protecting the yeast with varying SPFs. My experiment was conducted at my school, Pleasant Grove High School, in Mr. Van Dijk’s classroom and using his equipment. I had a total of seven Petri dishes. Two dishes were controls- one was exposed to UV light without any sunscreen protection, and the other was unexposed to UV light. The five remaining dishes were divided into four sections, each with an equal amount of yeast as the other sections. On top of the Petri dishes I put a different sunscreen on each section. I used SPF 15, SPF 30, SPF 70, and SPF 100+. Once the dishes were prepared, I put them in a box that exposed them to UV light for 90 seconds. Finally, they were placed in an incubator for about 29.5 hours to generate results.

Project Title	The extraction, isolation, and purification of coliphage bacteriophages from local farm soil
Category	Secondary: Medicine & Health
Table Number	H1014
Student Name	Chevelle Squires
Abstract	I chose this project because I am interested in the medical field and would like to work in the area of finding cures for viruses and diseases. The techniques I learned while doing this project taught me how to grow and isolate viruses which are the same techniques and procedures that are used in the medical field to multiply and isolate viruses so you can then study specific viruses. My hypothesis was that given the proper conditions, there will be coliphages in a farm soil sample I gathered that may be grown and subsequently isolated. Day one, I prepared a culture broth for the host bacteria and I prepared the soil culture. Day two I filtered the soil bacteriophages. I also prepared and observed the soil bacteriophage subculture to compare turbidity of a control tube and a tube containing filtrate. Day three I filtered the bacteriophage subculture. Then I inoculated soft agars with the host bacteria. To assay the soil culture bacteriophage, I poured this liquid soft agar containing the bacteria onto bass layer agar and incubated them. Day four I examined the plates and compared them to the control plate. Most of the plates had confluent lysis and were enumerable. The only countable ones were the control (containing no plaques) and the last dilution plate (containing four plaques). In conclusion, the conditions in the soil sample were suitable and I was able to successfully reproduce the coliphage bacteria in high quantities and isolate the coliphage plaques.

Secondary: Microbiology

Project Title	Wine Fermentation
Category	Secondary: Microbiology
Table Number	H1101
Student Name	Ryan Clifford Cami Thomas
Abstract	For our science project, we wanted to test the impact that different sugars have on the process of wine fermentation. In order to conduct the experiment we needed to first research the different sugars and their structures. We also needed to research the difference between grape juice and actual wine. This is because we would be fermenting the grape juice into wine over the period of three weeks using starter yeast and our different sugars. Through this research, we were able to come up with an educated guess about what the outcome of our project would be. We guessed that fructose, or the sugar that comes from fruit, would have the best results of alcohol produced. The sugar that we guessed would come in second was sucrose because fructose is a part of its structure. However, because it is not the whole structure, we believed that it would not come out with as good of results. The next best sugar that we guessed was maltose because although it is a natural sugar, it is not a fruit sugar. Splenda, or sucralose, was the sugar that we guessed would result with the least amount of alcohol. We assumed this because it is a sugar that was made in a factory, thus it is not a natural sugar. Upon conducting the experiment, double-checking our results, calculating them and comparing them to our control, we concluded that our hypothesis was correct. Fructose and sucrose were close together as far as alcohol content goes. Maltose was almost at the zero mark and sucralose had no alcohol content. Through this, we concluded that fructose would be the sugar that would complete the process the swiftest.

Project Title	Wine Fermentation
Category	Secondary: Microbiology
Table Number	H1101
Student Name	Cami Thomas Ryan Clifford
Abstract	For our science project, we wanted to test the impact that different sugars have on the process of wine fermentation. In order to conduct the experiment we needed to first research the different sugars and their structures. We also needed to research the difference between grape juice and actual wine. This is because we would be fermenting the grape juice into wine over the period of three weeks using starter yeast and our different sugars. Through this research, we were able to come up with an educated guess about what the outcome of our project would be. We guessed that fructose, or the sugar that comes from fruit, would have the best results of alcohol produced. The sugar that we guessed would come in second was sucrose because fructose is a part of its structure. However, because it is not the whole structure, we believed that it would not come out with as good of results. The next best sugar that we guessed was maltose because although it is a natural sugar, it is not a fruit sugar. Splenda, or sucralose, was the sugar that we guessed would result with the least amount of alcohol. We assumed this because it is a sugar that was made in a factory, thus it is not a natural sugar. Upon conducting the experiment, double-checking our results, calculating them and comparing them to our control, we concluded that our hypothesis was correct. Fructose and sucrose were close together as far as alcohol content goes. Maltose was almost at the zero mark and sucralose had no alcohol content. Through this, we concluded that fructose would be the sugar that would complete the process the swiftest.

Project Title	Glucose Testing at Extreme Temperatures
Category	Secondary: Microbiology
Table Number	H1102
Student Name	Cheyanne Deeben
Abstract	Glucose testing is happening more often across America. Most people are not taught how expiration dates and temperature may have an effect on accurate glucose testing. I wanted to see if this was really true or if it was just a theory. There are lots of factors I had to think about wile doing this experiment. One of the factors was; glucose testing units are very portable and are so small you can fit them in your pocket, having them so portable is both good and bad. One of the reasons why this is bad is it is easier to leave the meter exposed to temperature extremes, like in the car. This could be very bad because the accuracy may be compromised. What affect does temperature and expiration date have on the accuracy of test strips in glucose testing? In my experiment I compared temperature, expiration dates, glucose meters, glucose test strips, and sugars. My conclusion was this: temperature plays a big part in accurate glucose testing, expiration dates have an effect on getting an actual number reading, some glucose meters and test strips work better than others, and some sugars read higher than others.

Project Title	Moldbusters
Category	Secondary: Microbiology
Table Number	H1103
Student Name	Connor Healy Kaemon Lovendahl
Abstract	We began our experiment with the goal to find a cost effective and non-invasive way to eradicate mold growing in porous materials. Our hypothesis was that the radiation treatments we had in mind would be the most effective. With these ideas in mind we started our experiment by first culturing some mold spores from the air which we then spread to bread samples inside Petri dishes which we kept in Tupperware containers in a fume hood for 1 to 2 weeks so it could grow. Then we treated the mold with UV, Beta, Gamma, X-Ray, and Microwave radiation and Hydrochloric acid and bleach and hot and cold as well as maintained a control group. This went on for about 2 weeks after which we transferred some spores from each sample to an agar dish and measured the colony size daily for about a week. We are still experimenting so we haven’t any definite conclusions but our data will represent average change in growth with the control as the baseline. Based on prior research we expect to see no growth for the bleach and the microwave, beta, gamma, and acid having little growth. The control should have the most growth.

Project Title	Moldbusters
Category	Secondary: Microbiology
Table Number	H1103
Student Name	Kaemon Lovendahl Connor Healy
Abstract	We began our experiment with the goal to find a cost effective and non-invasive way to eradicate mold growing in porous materials. Our hypothesis was that the radiation treatments we had in mind would be the most effective. With these ideas in mind we started our experiment by first culturing some mold spores from the air which we then spread to bread samples inside Petri dishes which we kept in Tupperware containers in a fume hood for 1 to 2 weeks so it could grow. Then we treated the mold with UV, Beta, Gamma, X-Ray, and Microwave radiation and Hydrochloric acid and bleach and hot and cold as well as maintained a control group. This went on for about 2 weeks after which we transferred some spores from each sample to an agar dish and measured the colony size daily for about a week. We are still experimenting so we haven’t any definite conclusions but our data will represent average change in growth with the control as the baseline. Based on prior research we expect to see no growth for the bleach and the microwave, beta, gamma, and acid having little growth. The control should have the most growth.

Project Title	Using Ouchterlony and Mancini analysis to detect meat adulteration in fresh hamburger obtained from local grocery stores
Category	Secondary: Microbiology
Table Number	H1104
Student Name	Megan McDonald
Abstract	In my project I tested for adulteration in ground beef. This is a problem because if meat isn’t treated properly, people may be unknowingly eating meat from other animals besides cows. They may inadvertently be violating their beliefs. Meat adulteration is also a growing problem because of the allergies that people have. Meat adulteration may be done intentionally, motivated by cost savings to people in the meat industry if they add small portions of cheaper meats to ground meats of various types. Adulteration may also occur unintentionally, most often due to incomplete cleaning of equipment between the grinding of different meats. The quantity of foreign meat in a supposedly pure sample can sometimes help indicate whether the adulteration was intentional or not. The tests I performed in my project were similar to those used by U.S. Department of Agriculture. The tests I used are specifically used to detect horse meat, by solutions diffusing from agar wells. I ran ten Ouchterlony analysis tests using four different meat samples obtained from local markets and ran them against known controls. I also performed eight Mancini tests with various dilutions to test for the presence of horse antigens. After the reactions happened I evaluated the results and came to the conclusion that none of the meats had been adulterated. I definitely showed positive controls to compare my variable to, but there was no reaction with my serums, so I could conclude that all of the meat had been properly handled and processed.

Project Title	The Effects of Different Brands of Anti-Bacterial Wipes on the Number of Microorganisms on Door Handles
Category	Secondary: Microbiology
Table Number	H1105
Student Name	Chelsea Orton Ashlyn Parkinson Kimberly Pellegrini
Abstract	The question that we asked was Of the anti-bacterial sanitizing wipes tested, which destroys the most bacteria and other microorganisms? It has become very common in the society that we live in to sanitize quickly and efficiently, and we wanted to see which wipe would prove to have the most noteworthy effects. We used Petri dishes and agar swabbed with bacteria to test our question. We swabbed door handles with sanitary swabs before we used the anti-bacterial wipes, we cleaned the door handle with one of the kinds of wipes, and then we swabbed the cleaned door handle. We discovered that the Clorox brand of wipes killed more of the microorganisms than their Kirkland counterparts. The most interesting thing we found was that a significant number of Kirkland samples actually produced more microorganisms once they were cleaned. Our results agree with our hypothesis that Clorox would kill more microorganisms in the sample. The reason the Kirkland wipes produced more bacteria is still unknown.

Project Title	The Effects of Different Brands of Anti-Bacterial Wipes on the Number of Microorganisms on Door Handles
Category	Secondary: Microbiology
Table Number	H1105
Student Name	Ashlyn Parkinson Chelsea Orton Kimberly Pellegrini
Abstract	The question that we asked was Of the anti-bacterial sanitizing wipes tested, which destroys the most bacteria and other microorganisms? It has become very common in the society that we live in to sanitize quickly and efficiently, and we wanted to see which wipe would prove to have the most noteworthy effects. We used Petri dishes and agar swabbed with bacteria to test our question. We swabbed door handles with sanitary swabs before we used the anti-bacterial wipes, we cleaned the door handle with one of the kinds of wipes, and then we swabbed the cleaned door handle. We discovered that the Clorox brand of wipes killed more of the microorganisms than their Kirkland counterparts. The most interesting thing we found was that a significant number of Kirkland samples actually produced more microorganisms once they were cleaned. Our results agree with our hypothesis that Clorox would kill more microorganisms in the sample. The reason the Kirkland wipes produced more bacteria is still unknown.

Project Title	The Effects of Different Brands of Anti-Bacterial Wipes on the Number of Microorganisms on Door Handles
Category	Secondary: Microbiology
Table Number	H1105
Student Name	Kimberly Pellegrini Ashlyn Parkinson Chelsea Orton
Abstract	The question that we asked was Of the anti-bacterial sanitizing wipes tested, which destroys the most bacteria and other microorganisms? It has become very common in the society that we live in to sanitize quickly and efficiently, and we wanted to see which wipe would prove to have the most noteworthy effects. We used Petri dishes and agar swabbed with bacteria to test our question. We swabbed door handles with sanitary swabs before we used the anti-bacterial wipes, we cleaned the door handle with one of the kinds of wipes, and then we swabbed the cleaned door handle. We discovered that the Clorox brand of wipes killed more of the microorganisms than their Kirkland counterparts. The most interesting thing we found was that a significant number of Kirkland samples actually produced more microorganisms once they were cleaned. Our results agree with our hypothesis that Clorox would kill more microorganisms in the sample. The reason the Kirkland wipes produced more bacteria is still unknown.

Project Title	Lights, Bacteria, ACTION!
Category	Secondary: Microbiology
Table Number	H1106
Student Name	Carmen Partridge
Abstract	Question: Will layers of bacteria protect the bottom layer from UVC rays? Hypothesis: I don’t think that the layers will protect the bottom layer because of how waves work. If radio waves can travel through walls then why cant UVC rays travel through bacteria? I think the rays will penetrate the layers and influence the bottom layers therefore the bottom layer will be affected and be killed off. Procedure: I took three empty petri dishes and put 1 layer of bacteria(streptococcus lactis) in the first one, 2 layers in the second, and 3 layers in the third. I put each one under the UVC light for 1 minute. I then swabbed the 1 layer of bacteria and swabbed it onto a petri dish with blood agar. The 2 and 3 layers I had to scape off the top layers to get to the bottom layer and swab that which I put onto different petri dishes with blood agar. I repeated this process with all three petri dishes for 3 min. and 5 min. always swabbing the bottom and putting the bacteria on petri dishes with agar. Conclusion: My hypothesis was proven right to an extent. The data shows that UVC rays did get to the bottom layer of bacteria but didn’t kill the bacteria. It altered some of the bacteria’s DNA but it still grew. The layers of bacteria do protect the bottom layer to an extent, but nonetheless the top layers do protect the bottom layers.

Project Title	Antimicrobial Interactions of Polymyxin and CCL28
Category	Secondary: Microbiology
Table Number	H1107
Student Name	Bailey Benson
Abstract	This experiment deals with the antimicrobial peptides CCL28 and polymyxin, which are both found in high concentrations in the stomach and both kill bacteria. CCL28 is produced by the body while polymyxin is often used in pharmaceutical products to kill bacteria. The object of this experiment is to determine whether or not polymyxin is more effective at killing bacteria in the presence of CCL28. CCL28 and polymyxin kill bacteria in a similar fashion, through creating holes in bacteria’s membranes and causing them to burst. CCL28 does not kill bacteria in high salt conditions (although it still binds to the bacteria) but polymyxin is not limited by variations in salt concentrations. The experimental condition of high salt was determined because the stomach has a high salt conditions. In the experiment, the bacteria was introduced to CCL28 first (just as it would be in the digestive tract of a mammal) and then two separate bacteria cultures, one with CCL28 and one with Tris buffer, were treated with polymyxin. These cultures were then plated and grown overnight. The colonies were counted and the results were graphed. From the results, it can be concluded that CCL28’s presence hinders the effectiveness of polymyxin. The explanation is that CCL28 allows the bacteria to change the structure of their membranes, without killing it, making the bacteria resistant to polymyxin, which uses the same methods.

Secondary: Physics & Astronomy

Project Title	Sugar, Laser, and Math
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1201
Student Name	Danny Badger
Abstract	The purpose of my experiment is to actually see if I can improve health for people, if people saw how much sugar they take in drinking liquids health would probably go up and obesity would go down. I also can find the amount of pollutants in a liquid which can improve sanitation in drinking water. I can find the sugar amount in a liquid using a laser pointer, a hollow prism, and simple math. The procedures in my experimenting are; first: put the hollow prism on a paper on the floor and put paper on a wall away from it, then I would shine the laser pointer through the prism and mark where it enters and exits and hits the wall. Next I would fill up the prism and repeat the process and put my findings into the master equation. The data I found was the refractive index of; water is 1.34, 5 grams of sugar is 1.356, 10 grams is 1.35, 15 grams is 1.346, cider is 1.37, vinegar is 1.37, and Saline solution is .472. My conclusion is that the refractive index of a liquid goes down the more sugar you have in a liquid.

Project Title	Wood vs. Concrete
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1202
Student Name	David Blake
Abstract	Playing basketball for my whole life, I have noticed that playing on different surfaces effects my playing ability, as you can call it. This led me to ask myself, which court produces a better bounce? My goal was to discover if there is a significant difference between different courts. Starting with a regulation sized basketball, I bounced the ball from 100 cm off of the ground (using a measuring stick). I would let it bounce one, twice, three times for each trial I did, recording each bounce with an HD video camera. After 15 trials on gym (wood) flooring, I moved on to concrete and carpet flooring. After all 3 surfaces had 15 trials each, I took the footage from the video camera and watched it in slow motion on my computer using Quick Time Player. By watching the footage in half speed, I was able to pause the video when the ball was at its peak, and record how high it was, again using the measuring stick in the background. After completing my experiment, I discovered that wood and concrete are very close to each other in terms of bounce height. It is not as hard though, which is probably why the NBA uses it.

Project Title	Lacrosse Ball: Dimple Effect
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1203
Student Name	Brady Bott
Abstract	The purpose of my experiment is to see if the dimple effect used on golf balls would work when applied to other objects. I decided to apply it to a lacrosse ball. I used my father's drill press to drill holes in a lacrosse ball. When i finished, we had a total of 116 dimples in the ball. Me and another lacrosse player shot the dimpled ball and an unaltered ball 10 times each, for each player. The result I got was that the dimple effect is too hard to apply to a lacrosse ball because the ball is rubber. I would need to find other methods to make dimples in a lacrosse ball for my results to be accurate.

Project Title	Negative Ion Propulsion
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1204
Student Name	Solana Clark Emily Goodrich
Abstract	Negative ion propulsion is quickly becoming one of the most reliable, efficient, and clean sources of thrust used by institutions, such as NASA, today. In this experiment it was asked how the shape of the emitter rod would affect the force output of a negative ion emitter. It was hypothesized that, when using a 20-kilovolt negative ion emitter with a 10cm copper emitter rod, a pointed rod would yield a greater force output than other shapes, because it would direct the ions in a more concentrated stream. To perform the experiment we constructed a 20-kilovolt negative ion emitter and built a measurement apparatus that would allow us to measure the angle a hanging arm was displaced to. We tested a pointed rod, a blunt rod, a bundled rod, and a tube ten times each, and recorded the data. We then converted the angle displaced to torques (newton meters) by using the equation: lmg?sin(Ã˜) = x N?m For our set up the equation was: (7cm)(.23g)(9.8m/s)sin(Ã˜) = x N?m Our hypothesis that the pointed rod would produce the most force output was proven wrong. The single point actually restricted the ion flow, not allowing as many ions to be projected in the desired direction and instead allowing them to escape from the sides and back, lowering the force in the correct direction. Instead, the bundled rod had the greatest force yield due to the many points directing the ions in a uniform direction.

Project Title	Negative Ion Propulsion
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1204
Student Name	Emily Goodrich Sola Clark
Abstract	Negative ion propulsion is quickly becoming one of the most reliable, efficient, and clean sources of thrust used by institutions, such as NASA, today. In this experiment it was asked how the shape of the emitter rod would affect the force output of a negative ion emitter. It was hypothesized that, when using a 20-kilovolt negative ion emitter with a 10cm copper emitter rod, a pointed rod would yield a greater force output than other shapes, because it would direct the ions in a more concentrated stream. To perform the experiment we constructed a 20-kilovolt negative ion emitter and built a measurement apparatus that would allow us to measure the angle a hanging arm was displaced to. We tested a pointed rod, a blunt rod, a bundled rod, and a tube ten times each, and recorded the data. We then converted the angle displaced to torques (newton meters) by using the equation: lmg?sin(Ã˜) = x N?m For our set up the equation was: (7cm)(.23g)(9.8m/s)sin(Ã˜) = x N?m Our hypothesis that the pointed rod would produce the most force output was proven wrong. The single point actually restricted the ion flow, not allowing as many ions to be projected in the desired direction and instead causing them to escape from the sides and back, lowering the force in the correct direction. The bundled rod had the greatest force yield due to the many points directing the ions in a uniform direction.

Project Title	The Effects of Ski/Snowboard Wax
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1205
Student Name	Brett Cornick
Abstract	Ski and snowboard shops always stress the importance of waxing because it supposedly increases the speed and lifespan of a snowboard. It’s difficult to notice the differences between a waxed snowboard and an unwaxed one without recording some kind of data. This project tested to see if there was a significant difference in speed between a waxed board and an unwaxed board by finding the coefficients of kinetic friction between them and snow. Significant was defined as greater than or equal to 15%. The experiment was performed by measuring out two 100 meter straight courses, each at a different angle, and recording the amount of time it takes both an unwaxed board and a waxed board to complete the course. 3 trials of each board and angle were performed. This was done on two days with distinct differences in weather and snow conditions to insure that the results were consistent. The velocity and acceleration of the waxed board was consistently higher than that of an unwaxed board. This led to a lower value for the coefficient of kinetic friction between the snow and the waxed board. It was 6.5% lower than the value between an unwaxed board and snow. This is enough to conclude that waxing a snowboard does have a noticeable effect on speed, but not one that can be defined as significant.

Project Title	Lava Shock
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1206
Student Name	Mark Davey
Abstract	The purpose of my experiment was to determine whether a lava lamp had the capacity to be used as a slow random switch. To make an initial determination, I removed both the liquid and the wax (separately), and measured the resistance of both using an ohm meter. To solidify further the results given by the resistance test, I decided to test it. I added electrical probes to the bottom and top of the vessel of the lamp. After this was done, I used a volt meter and 9 volts of current to test when there was a flow of electricity and when there wasn't. My conclusion is that because the wax is an insulator, and the liquid a conductor, the lava lamp can be used as a slow random switch.

Project Title	Heat transfer through copper vs. Steel
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1207
Student Name	Hannah Hancock
Abstract	How does heat transfer through conduction contribute to house fires? In my experiment I am going to test different pipes, steel and copper, to see which one spreads heat the fastest. I am also testing to see if maintaining an air space between the pipes and the wood will slow down the rate at which conduction occurs. I am testing this by attaching pipes to a piece of wood, and holding a torch at the end farthest from the wood, taking the temperature every minute.

Project Title	What a Drag!
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1208
Student Name	Tanner Hansen Taten McCohay
Abstract	Our question was: Does the shape affect the drag of an object? To test this, we built a wind tunnel and made Styrofoam cut-outs of five different shapes. We used a half-circle, a triangle, a square, a raindrop, and an elongated raindrop. The fan in the wind tunnel pulls the object, simulating the air traveling around an object in flight. The slower an object goes up the ramp in the wind tunnel, the more aerodynamic the shape is. We timed each object moving up the ramp on a Lego car that was equalized in the wind tunnel to reduce the number of variables. We took the numbers that were recorded and found the averages. We concluded that the two raindrop shapes did the best, because they allow the air to curve around them without leaving much resistance, or drag, behind them.

Project Title	What a Drag!
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1208
Student Name	Taten McConahay Tanner Hansen
Abstract	Our question was: Does the shape affect the drag of an object? To test this, we built a wind tunnel and made Styrofoam cut-outs of five different shapes. We use a half-circle, a triangle, a square, a raindrop, and an elongated raindrop. The fan in the wind tunnel pulls the object, simulating the air traveling around an object in flight. The slower an object goes up the ramp in the wind tunnel, the more aerodynamic the shape is. We timed each object moving up the ramp on a lego car that was equalized in the wind tunnel to reduce the number of variables. We took the numbers that were recorded and found the averages. We concluded that the two raindrop shapes did the best, because they allow the air to curve around them without leaving much resistance, or drag, behind them.

Project Title	Heat, Cans, & Bernoulli's
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1209
Student Name	Joleyah Johnson
Abstract	Ever wondered why it takes the same plane different times to take off in different places? I did. I also believed that this was partially due to the temperature of that area. Bernoulli’s Principle states as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases. Airplanes¦ take advantage of Bernoulli's principle. (http://library.thinkquest.org/27948/bernoulli.html) In this experiment, I hung 2 empty soda cans in the air and used a hair dryer to blow air at different temperatures between them. I measured how the different temperatures affected Bernoulli’s Principle by comparing the different times it took for the cans to collide. After concluding my experiment, I learned that temperature of the air is a large factor to Bernoulli’s Principle. The greater the temperature the faster the cans collided and the faster Bernoulli’s worked. Also found that an increase of 35 degrees Celsius decreases the time needed by roughly 74.8%.

Project Title	The Speed of Light in Gelatin
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1210
Student Name	Chantel Jorgensen
Abstract	This science fair experiment was on how the solvent of gelatin affects the speed of light through the gelatin. The discoveries made in this project, could help medical professionals learn more about acids. It also could help people who make gelatin sculptures decide which solvent would be best for their lighting. The hypothesis was changing the solvent of gelatin to sprite will result in a slower speed of light than a solvent of water or vinegar. To conduct this experiment, a laser pointer was shined through the gelatin, and then the angles of refraction and incidence were measured. The index of refraction for air was also found using a spray bottle to see the laser. These numbers were then plugged into Snell’s law to find the index of refraction for the gelatin, which was then divided by the speed of light in a vacuum (300,000,000 km/s) to find the speed of light in the gelatin. The gelatin with water as the solvent had the fastest average speed of light (38431622.22 km/s) and the gelatin with sprite as the solvent had the slowest average speed of light with an average speed of light of (21653210.64 km/s). The gelatin with the vinegar as the solvent set up, but when the laser pointer was shined through the beam diffused so much that the angle of refraction could not be found.

Project Title	Supercooled Superconductors
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1211
Student Name	Austin LaBonty
Abstract	This experiment focused on the role temperature might play in the amount of magnetic force present in diamagnetic materials. The question asked was: What impact will decreasing the temperature of diamagnetic materials have on the amount of repulsive magnetic force they produce? The hypothesis stated that if the temperature of a diamagnetic substance is decreased, then its repulsive force will become stronger. The experiment tested the diamagnetic properties of three different materials (graphite, ammonia and salt water) first at room temperature then again after the materials had been cooled to -1O C. The experiment was conducted using a cubic neodymium magnet (0.5 cm x 0.5 cm) and a diamagnetic levitator with a neodymium magnet attached to a vertical adjustment screw. Samples of the test materials (.67 ml) were placed in plastic cups (1.27 cm dia.) and placed on a platform beneath the adjustment screw on the levitator. The cubic magnet was placed in the cup and the adjustment screw was rotated down until the cubic magnet was floating at least one (1) mm above the bottom of the cup. The height of the adjustment screw after rotation was measured for each material and at both temperature settings. Each experiment was conducted fifteen (15) times for accuracy. The conclusions were that the diagmagnetic repulsion in graphite and ammonia increased significantly when cooled, however there was no measurable change in diagmagnetic repulsion in salt water when cooled. Therefore the hypothesis was inconclusive since it only proved true in certain conditions.

Project Title	Torqueing the Truth
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1212
Student Name	Kylie Lincoln
Abstract	A roman ballista is built upon the principles of torsion; it uses torsion springs to launch a projectile. I wanted to test this torsions effect on the performance of a model roman ballista, and if at any point the ballista would lose functionality. I hypothesized that the more twists in the torsion springs, the farther the object would travel, and that after a high amount of twists the ballista would completely lose functionality. I started with one type of torsion spring; it was 65 cm long. I twisted both springs the same amount and conducted three launches where I measured the distance achieved. After which I would do a half rotation for each spring and do three more launches. I repeated this pattern until I could twist the springs no further. But only one type of spring didn’t give me enough data to answer my question, so I experimented with three other springs. I tested two springs of the same material as the original spring, and another spring made of a kite line to help gain an overall feel for how torsion affected the performance of the ballista. The amount of twists I started at, and ended at for all four springs varied because of length and material. The data I received from the springs showed me that my hypothesis was partially correct: the more twists on the springs, the farther the object was launched. I was however incorrect in that no complete loss of functionality happened.

Project Title	Skyglow
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1213
Student Name	Emily Livingston min max
Abstract	My question was, "what time of night has the least amount of skyglow with the most amount of stars visible?"" First I took pictures at various shutter speeds during the day to be my control data. The pictures were taken at a uniformly indirect sunlight whiteboard kept in the same place throughout the experiment. I kept the ISO at 200 and the aperture at 5.6 took minimize variables. I then took pictures at various shutter speeds to give me different amounts of skyglow at different times of night. I took pictures at 9:15pm

Project Title	Headphones With Magnets!
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1214
Student Name	David "Tyler""" Miller
Abstract	This experiment was created to test if a domestic magnet could affect the sound quality of a headphone driver. This project idea originally came from another project being done by engineering students at the Jordan Applied Technology Center (JATC), which involved having small magnets in close proximity to ear bud headphone drivers for extended periods of time. It is hypothesized that the magnets will have an effect on the drivers sound quality. Through testing of the frequency response of the headphone driver in an anechoic chamber, with and without magnets present, it was discovered that domestic strength magnets have an effect on the driver at a specific frequency in relation to their dipole moment. However, this does not greatly impede the drivers sound performance. This conclusion will allow for the continuation of the JATC project, and could also be applied in situations where hearing amplification is required for persons with hearing loss.

Project Title	Rockets and Humidity
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1215
Student Name	Taylor Thompson
Abstract	The purpose of this experiment was to discover whether or not humidity affects the flight of an air rocket. The testing was conducted over a period of several days using a rocket launcher built from pvc pipe and rigged to an air compressor with a valve as the launching mechanism. Rockets were built out of lightweight cardstock, using exact measurements so that the rockets were as identical as humanly possible. The rockets were placed on the rocket launcher and as soon as the correct air pressure was achieved, the rockets were launched into the air. A range finder was used to measure the exact distance of the rocket and this was noted in a journal. The testing occurred on different days with different extremes of humidity levels. The six rockets were launched multiple times on each day in order to have more accurate results. It was concluded that humidity did affect how far the rockets were able to travel. This is because the water molecules, or water vapor as it is called, which makes the air humid has less molecular weight than the heavier nitrogen atoms which usually make up most of the atmosphere. This water vapor drove the nitrogen and oxygen molecules higher into the atmosphere, making the air less dense where the rockets would travel. The rockets were able to travel with greater ease and distance because of the lighter air.

Project Title	Out of Time
Category	Secondary: Physics & Astronomy
Table Number	H1216
Student Name	Nathan Turner
Abstract	How do cold temperatures effect the time-keeping abilities of different watches? I started an experiment to find out, knowing that the answer could be of great assistance to many people, such as those who work or live in cold areas. There are some watches that have their time-keeping rapidly changed by cold temperature and become unreliable. Others don’t change at all and that can be suggested to be worn in cold temperature. Using five watches, an atomic clock, and a refrigerator, I have determined which kind of watches, mechanical or quartz (battery-operated), operates better under the near-freezing temperatures. Even in my room temperature control data, I found the mechanical watches were still losing or gaining time quickly. However, once placed in 40?, these watches rapidly accelerated in their loss or gain of seconds and became increasingly farther away from the correct time on the atomic clock. During the control data, the quartz watches rarely lost any time and in the cold they lost a mere few seconds. It can be seen that the quartz watches’ abilities of showing accurate time is incredibly better than those of the mechanical watches.

Secondary: Plant Science

Project Title	How Fall Leaves Change
Category	Secondary: Plant Science
Table Number	H1301
Student Name	Heidi Ashcraft
Abstract	It's rather amazing the way nature works it's miracles. For my experiments I chose to work with some of nature's miracles; leaves, fall leaves to be specific. The part of the leaves that I chose to work on was that involving leaves' pigments. A question I had was how do leaves change, and what happens to their pigments? Two experiments were conducted in order to discover more about the pigments of leaves. The idea for my first experiment was that if we soaked the leaves in water each leaf would have a lighter mass than it did before. For the first experiment I took three fall Pyrus Calleryana leaves of different colors from off the same tree, and I soaked the leaves in separate containers with water for five weeks. Each week we measured the leaves' mass. My second experiment also worked with the pigments, but it was in a little bit of a different approach. In this experiment I took three leaves of different colors that were from the same tree and that were Pyrus Calleryana and I soaked them in rubbing alcohol. I had a long strip of coffee filter paper running up and over each container so that pigments could be seen collecting on it. Data shows that leaves from my first experiment lost mass. In my second experiment brown pigments started to show on the coffee filter strip of paper. In the end both of my hypothesizes were correct.

Project Title	The Medicine Cabinet in Your Backyard
Category	Secondary: Plant Science
Table Number	H1302
Student Name	Nicole Callister
Abstract	I wanted to see if I could replicate aspirin synthesis and which kind of willow tree bark would have the highest rate of aspirin synthesis. I wanted to do this because I had heard that chewing willow bark can relieve pain, leading me to research the similarities between aspirin and willow bark. My hypothesis was that I could replicate it and that the weeping willow would have the highest rate of synthesis. First, I soaked each type of bark (base, globe willow, corkscrew willow, quaking aspen, Carolina poplar, and weeping willow) in ethanol for 15 minutes. Then I removed the ethanol from the willow bark with a pipette and tested the pH and iron chloride levels. I tested the pH and iron chloride levels of 1/8 teaspoon of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and salicylic acid. I removed ethanol from the soaking willow bark with a pipette. I synthesized the aspirin by adding iron chloride and concentrated acetic acid to the willow bark ethanol. After this, I compared the results to an aspirin tablet. I crushed an aspirin tablet and added 10 drops of ethanol to 1/8 teaspoon of the tablet. A conclusion was hard to come by, as my results were somewhat inconclusive. I didn’t observe aspirin synthesis in any of the wells. Upon further research, I found that there is usually a catalyst involved in aspirin synthesis. The catalyst used in aspirin synthesis is generally phosphoric acid.

Project Title	Effects of Leaf Compost on the Rate of Corn Germination and Growth
Category	Secondary: Plant Science
Table Number	H1303
Student Name	Ellen Dahl
Abstract	The question I was trying to answer was: Do the types of leaves put into the soil effect the germination and growth rate of corn plants? This is important to society because leaves do not cost anything but fertilizer does. My hypothesis was the maple and the aspen compost soil corn plants would grow the best. The control group, oak, and walnut soil corn plants would follow the maple and aspen soil plants. To test my question I planted 40 Sundance (hybrid) corn seeds in four leaf compost soils and one control soil. The leaves that were composted were maple, aspen, oak, and walnut. The control soil had nothing added to it. I kept the soil moist after the seeds were planted. After the plants sprouted, I measured them frequently and watered them when they were dry. I found that the control group was on average the quickest to sprout and the tallest. The walnut leaf compost plants on average were the second to sprout and the second tallest. The slower the plants germinated the slower they grew. I also found that junglone does not effect the growth rate of corn plants. Also, adding leaves as fertilizer did not help the rate of growth of the plants.

Project Title	Salty Seeds
Category	Secondary: Plant Science
Table Number	H1304
Student Name	Hayley Ford
Abstract	Does NaCl affect wheat? To test this I soaked wheat seeds in a salt solution and tested the seed’s germination percentage and respiration rates. Through tests I concluded to use a 12% NaCl solution. I soaked the seeds and every hour I germinated some. As I tested, I wondered if my results would vary if I rinsed the salt-soaked seeds before germinating. I tested this variable as well. I concluded that salt does affect the germination percentages of wheat and it can be illustrated through a parabolic equation. As for rinsing the seeds, it does vary the results. It can be mapped through another parabolic function. To test respiration I developed my own respirometer. It failed multiple times and after may tries, I ran out of time and was unable to fix it. Though I did collect data, in order to pull a good conclusion on respiration rates, I would need superior lab equipment, which I am in the process of obtaining and using. I also tested water absorption of a set volume of wheat. This test also failed due to lack of adequate equipment.

Project Title	Discovering, Identifying, and Testing the Rate of Nitrogen Fixation by Bacteria Extracted from Black Medic and Alfalfa.
Category	Secondary: Plant Science
Table Number	H1305
Student Name	Michael Golling
Abstract	Can I extract bacteria out of wild alfalfa plant root nodules and get them to form symbiotic root nodules with domesticated alfalfa plants? I Hypothesize that I will be able to successfully find and extract symbiotic bacteria from wild growing weed plants (such as black medic Medicago lupulina and alfalfa Medicago sativa) and get them to induce a symbiotic relationship into cultured alfalfa plants. I successfully found and extracted bacteria performing nitrogen fixation from black medic (Medicago lupulina) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). I was then able to take that extracted bacteria and insert it into crop alfalfa. I proved this by running DNA tests on the bacteria extracted from the crop alfalfa nodules.

Project Title	Growing Healthy Plants
Category	Secondary: Plant Science
Table Number	H1306
Student Name	Dalan Nelson
Abstract	My project helped me find the best substance for growing plants from seed. During this experiment I wanted to find out whether Vitamin C, Vitamin B50, Vitamin CM&Z, Protein drink, plain water or Miracle-grow would grow the healthiest corn plant from seed. I mixed one of each of these things with water and fed each one to a separate corn seed to see which would grow healthiest. The Vitamin CM&Z, Protein drink and Miracle-grow died because the Vitamin CM&Z and Miracle-grow grew too fast so they couldn’t support their own weight so they broke and the protein drink just made the plant moldy and it, too, died. Neither the Vitamin C nor the Vitamin B50 broke like the others but they were yellow and thin and looked sick. They were definitely not the healthiest plants and in the end, the plain water was the healthiest because it was thick enough to hold itself as it got bigger, it was green and it was strong. By doing this experiment, I learned that if I want to grow a vegetable plant by seed in my house, I should first use plain water for the first few weeks until it is very thick and green so that it will be able to hold its weight when it gets bigger, then start using Miracle-grow every other time you water the plant so it can grow faster.

Project Title	The Radish Race
Category	Secondary: Plant Science
Table Number	H1307
Student Name	Amanda Russell
Abstract	The purpose of my experiment was to find which light bulb-a GE Reveal incandescent bulb, a GE soft white bulb, a plant light, or a black light. Growing plants is a great thing to do, but Utah weather is hard to predict which makes growing plants hard. Growing plants indoors has become a more efficient thing to do, but in order to do this you need to know what the best lightbulb to use is. My hypothesis was that the plant light would do the best because it was specifically designed to mimic the spectrum of the sun. In order to preform the experiment I began by purchasing the four different lightbulb types (the GE Reveal incandescent bulb, a GE soft white bulb, a plant light, and a black light.) I then planted four radish plants under each light bulb, two icicle radishes and two red radishes. Each morning, afternoon, and night the radishes were watered 10 mL. Each morning I measured the height in centimeters. At the beginning of the experiment the black light, to my surprise, was doing the best. Then after a few days it began to fall behind and the Reveal and soft white were in a race to be the best. The plant light remained at the back of the pack. In the end the soft white came out in the lead. This did not support my hypothesis, not only did the plant light not do the best, it did the worst.

Project Title	Can Raw Honey Reduce the Amount of Rot on Fruit?
Category	Secondary: Plant Science
Table Number	H1308
Student Name	Zoe Shinsel Shelby Evans
Abstract	Can raw honey prevent rot and increase the shelf life of fresh soft fruits and vegetables stored at room temperature? One night, three carts of fresh strawberries were left out on the counter, and in that one night, every last strawberry out of the hundreds there had rotted. I thought to myself, There must be some way to prevent this. These berries rotting are what inspired me to investigate raw honey’s properties as a natural preservative that could make the fruit last longer while not compromising the organic nature of the berries. For this experiment, my partner and I used fresh picked spaghetti squash from my garden and organic locally grown raspberries from a farm stand, and after they were picked the fruits were set directly into the experiment. We used 100% organic Miller’s Clove Honey from a bee farm right here in Utah, and we used these raw materials simply to feel confident in knowing that there was no extra processing in the honey, and no pesticides or growth-enhancers in the fruits causing more unknown variables than necessary. Both my partner and I ran this experiment separately and simultaneously for seven days and recorded our results to see if our experiment was replicable. We had four honey/water solutions, consisting of 50 teaspoons in total. The amounts of honey in the bottles were 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. We sprayed the fruits twice in the morning and twice at night to ensure they were constantly coated for efficient result recording.

Project Title	The Ups and Downs of Germinaton
Category	Secondary: Plant Science
Table Number	H1309
Student Name	Kelsey Nokes
Abstract	This experiment studied how gravity affects germination in seeds and the direction they grow. It was hypothesized that changing the direction of gravity before and during germination and the first days of growth would result in a different direction of germination, with hypocotyls emerging and growing away from the source of gravity and radicals growing toward gravity. Seeds were placed in cd case with moistened paper towels. The cd cases were placed upright on a shelf so that they could be rotated. The seeds then were moved as follows: Each morning and evening the cds on the top row were moved to the middle row, from the middle row to the bottom row, and from the bottom row to the top row so that they get the same amount of light. The cds were also turned according to their treatment condition, with 5 cd cases being rotated 90° and 5 cd cases being rotated 180°and five cd cases, serving as the control group, not being rotated at all. At the end of the experiment a sketch was made of each plant's hypocotyl and radical on circular graph paper. It was determined that the direction of gravity on the third and fourth day, the day they germinated, made a significant difference in the direction they germinated. The two experimental groups were not as consistent in the direction they germinated as the control group, but were consistent in their growth according to the direction of gravity on the day they germinated.

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